Lincoln Assassination :: essays research papers

he capital of Nebraska AssassinationOn April, 14 1865 President Abraham capital of Nebraska was shot while watching a performance of An American Cousin at Fords Theater. President capital of Nebraska died the next morning. The person who had killed Lincoln was John Wilkes Booth.     A few days before he was killed, Lincoln had told his spouse about a dream he had, he saw a president shrouded on a catafalque in the east room of the White House. Even later on this dream he attended An American Cousin at Fords Theater.     John Wilkes Booth thought the president was determined to destroy the constitution, set aside the rights reserved to the states, crush civil liberties, and restore monarchy. He saw the confederacy was the only means to of upholding the values of the founding fathers. He devoted much of late 1864 and early 1865 to a series of plots to abduct Lincoln and use his capture to nullify the Unions war aims. Every scheme ending in frus tration. After Lee had surrendered to the Army of the Potomac, in the consequence week of April, he saw that only the most desperate measures offered any hope of salvaging the Southern Cause.     Shortly before he went into the theater, he stopped at tavern for a drink. While in the bar an acquaintance jokingly remarked that "he would never be as great as his father," Booth replied by saying "When I leave the stage, I will be the most talked about man in America."The Atlanta Campaign of 1864     In the spring of 1864, Gen. W. T. Sherman saturated the Union armies of G. H. Thomas, J. B. McPherson, and J. M. Schofield around Chattanooga. On May 6 he began to move along the railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Sherman had two objectives, one was to destroy the army of superior general J. E. Johnston and the other was to capture Atlanta. Johnston realizing that he was outnumbered started to retreat south. Sherman tried a direct assault on Johnstons forces and was repulsed. Johnston had retreated back to the south bank of the Chattahoochee river. On July 17, John Bell Hood replaced Johnston as General. He tried to continue with Johnstons plan, but failed to stop the advance of Union troops. He retired to Atlanta, which Sherman soon had down the stairs bombardment. On September 1 Hood abandoned Atlanta, the next day Sherman moved in and burned it.The Maryland Invasion     A year after the confederate defeat at Gettysburg.

Prayer In Public Schools :: Religion in Public Schools

Should a Catholic give instruction be reimbursed by the state for school supplies?Should there be time set deflexion in school for kids to pray? These are some ofthe many questions the U.S. Supreme Court asks themselves when they areconfronted with cases involving religion in school. Although there are somespeech sound supporting arguments for prayer in school, the opposing argumentsmore than justify the non- unearthly atmosphere of frequent school. Supportingarguments for In School Prayer have little validity. For congresswoman one argumentis that the framers of the constitution were religious, so they didnt mean toprohibit all government sponsored prayer or acknowledgment of GOD. Thisis assuming one mien just to be in favor of the In School Prayer idea.Pro-Prayer activists also believe that it is VERY important for the nationschildren to have religious values instilled in them. I strongly disagree with thisstatement solely because they are assuming that someone without a reli gionhas lower or no values as compared to a religious person. Valid arguments onthis side of the issue are rare, but they do exist. One example is that in publicpolls, seventy-eight percent of the nations thinks prayer in public schools is agood idea. This logical at first, but the truth is many polls convey the printingthat voluntary prayer before, after, and during school is forbidden. Anotherargument addresses the fact that religion is already everywhere anyway. It ison our currency, our leaders are sworn into office with reference book to GOD,and our flag salute also contains religious statements. These are good points toaddress, however, I believe they are wrong as well. Two wrongs dont shama right. Opposing arguments are a lot more convincing than the supportingpoints. First of all, students have the right to conduct religious practices onschool property, so there is no need to set aside specific time in the curriculum

Essay --

Have you ever thought about what career you would land in? The career of a veterinarian has pulled me in. A definition of a veterinarians job is some one who diagnoses and controls animal diseases, treats sick and injured animals medically and surgically, prevents transmission of animal disease, and advises owners on proper care of pets and livestock. Veterinarians have to have an unconditional love for animals,wildlife, and science and have a drive to improve the health and well-fare of hostel as a whole. I posses the quality of a love for animals having experience with many pets at home. In addition vets have to be well move as a person. They have to be smart, and have people skills which I do. My stronger subjects are science and math where being a vet, going into medicine has a lot to do with science particularly biology which I did very well in and have a great interest for. This career is special(a) to me because I would be able to improve society, by helping other peoples animals, as well as possibly finding sweet cures too, which is why I can definitely see myself being a...

Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Antigone essays

Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles AntigoneThere has always been a bit of confusion as to the sad hero of the Grecian Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in which Antigone was written. During the time of Sophocles, women were considered second-class citizens. They would not even be permitted to act i... ... Haimon ar minor characters and are clearly not the tragic heroes of the play. Creon suffered the most, his losses were the greatest, and he was the only character to posses a tragic flaw. It is safe to assume that the only causality for Antigone ever being considered a tragic hero, is the misleading title of the play.

Music and Poetry Essay -- Musical Poet Poem Poems Music essays

Music and PoetryThe poetry of William Wordsworth initiated the Romantic Era by emphasizing emotion, intuition, and pleasure alternatively than form and affectation. His poesys set the stage for John Keats, a central figure in early 19th century Romanticism. The fundamental themes in the works of both(prenominal) poets include the beauty of nature the consanguinity of dreams/visions and reality and yet the tendency of dreams to mask reality the intense emotions brought about by beauty and/or scurvy and the transience of both sensation and human life. Although William Wordsworth and John Keats wrote poetry with entirely different senses of purpose, they came together in the worship of a song that each bring in nature. Both Wordsworth and Keats were able to internalize their own give and then re-externalize it in a piece of poetry The Solitary Reaper and Ode to a nightingale respectively describing the effect of a stirring song each encountered in a natural setting. Will iam Wordsworths poem The Solitary Reaper reveres the song of a young Highland lass who is reaping and singing by herself (3). The poem is written in four stanzas of eight lines each, with a steady iambic tetrameter as its meter. The poem has a fairly steady rhyme scheme of ababccdd, though it varies in the first and third rhymes of the first and last stanzas. The poem has only eight enjambed lines. By making twenty-four of the thirty-two lines of the poem endstopped, Wordsworth allows the reader to read each line slowly. This consequently works to relieve any sense of suspense or moments of tension inside the poem. As seen in Wordsworths Nutting, a lack of endstopped lines can allow emotion to build and inspire a sense of excited passi... ... Keats Ode to a Nightingale in crucial aspects. Both poems preserve a moment of intense beauty, allowing readers to experience the impact of deeply beautiful music within the rustic, natural setting beloved by both poets. Wordsworth an d Keats preserve the beauty this music, using unforced and expressive language vox audita perit, litera scripta manet . Thus, each poets experience becomes one that is lastingly present in his mind, inspiring a sense of rustic, melodic tranquility. The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings - which Wordsworth saw as the heart of poetry stimulated by each poets experience, allowed them to pen powerful poems. Both Keats and Wordsworth convey and then amplify the intense emotion that each encountered in his experience, as each poem combines, arguably, the two most powerful forms of communication music and poetic verse.

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales: The Friar and the Parson Essa

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales The Friar and the rectorThe Friar and the Parson, as described in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, can be used to portray both the good and the bad sides of clergy. They make a stark contrast to each other, often even directly, with their characteristics as told by the narrator. From physical traits to their actions, these two pilgrims are almost exact opposites in certain ways. Their motivations for these actions describe the differences in the mind sets of the good holy man and the one who is less dead on target to his orders, the Parson and the Friar respectively. Throughout their portraits, the descriptions of the two are set at odds, so as to highlight their contrariety.A revealing comparison can be made in the matter of money between the Parson and the Friar as to the monetary motivations of the clergy. The Parson was a wretched man. He took out of the tithes tending(p) to him by parishoners and his salary to give back to them, as rather wolde he yeven / unto his povre parisshens about/ of his offering, and eek of his substaunce. (487-489) The Friar on the other hand was wealthy, and would rather take from the poor to increase his income than to give, for thogh a widwe hadde noght a sho/ yet wolde he have a ferthing, er he wente. (253-255) The actions of the Parson make those of the Friar look even worse. The Parson cares smallish for his own wealth, but is a great deal concerned about the poverty of his parishoners. The Friar cares very little about poverty, but is terribly concerned about his own income. On the subject of personal wealth, these two men may be seen as complete opposites, one showing the nuisance and inappropriate actions of the other, and th... ... his preaching. He can be seen as a good example of how a clergyman should be. The Friar on the other hand in deed, speech, motives, and reasoning, is questionable in relation to his position. He is a selfish man who will take from, but not be amongst the poor since there is little good it will do him. Instead of using his office to do good works and to lead people closer to religion, he uses it for personal profit. His religion is less than devout, as it is insinuates that he is a lecherous man who is very interested in women. He would rather be among the wealthy than be unbent to his orders. In contrast to the Parson, he is not a good example of a clergyman. These pilgrims work together to show good and bad instances of men of the church, and rumormonger on eachother in their characteristics in a way that highlights the qualities of one and the faults of the other.

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales: The Friar and the Parson Essa

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales The friar and the ParsonThe Friar and the Parson, as described in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, can be used to portray both the unafraid and the bad sides of clergy. They make a stark contrast to each other, often steady directly, with their characteristics as told by the narrator. From physical traits to their actions, these two pilgrims are almost exact opposites in certain ways. Their motivations for these actions describe the differences in the mind sets of the good holy earthly concern and the one who is less true to his orders, the Parson and the Friar respectively. Throughout their portraits, the descriptions of the two are set at odds, so as to highlight their contrariety.A divine revelation comparison can be made in the matter of money between the Parson and the Friar as to the monetary motivations of the clergy. The Parson was a poor people man. He took out of the tithes given to him by parishoners and his sa lary to give back to them, as rather wolde he yeven / unto his povre parisshens about/ of his offering, and eek of his substaunce. (487-489) The Friar on the other top was wealthy, and would rather take from the poor to increase his income than to give, for thogh a widwe hadde noght a sho/ yet wolde he have a ferthing, er he wente. (253-255) The actions of the Parson make those of the Friar look even worse. The Parson cares brusk for his own wealth, but is a great deal concerned about the poverty of his parishoners. The Friar cares very little about poverty, but is terribly concerned about his own income. On the subject of personal wealth, these two men may be seen as put down opposites, one showing the horror and inappropriate actions of the other, and th... ... his preaching. He can be seen as a good example of how a clergyman should be. The Friar on the other hand in deed, speech, motives, and reasoning, is questionable in relation to his position. He is a selfish m an who will take from, but not be amongst the poor since there is little good it will do him. Instead of using his office to do good works and to lead people scalelike to religion, he uses it for personal profit. His piety is less than devout, as it is insinuates that he is a lecherous man who is very interested in women. He would rather be among the wealthy than be true to his orders. In contrast to the Parson, he is not a good example of a clergyman. These pilgrims work together to show good and bad instances of men of the church, and comment on eachother in their characteristics in a way that highlights the qualities of one and the faults of the other.

Netball Essay

In this unit I have learnt about how to bit netball and learn about all of its different positions in the stake. The Defensive positions are closing keeper (GK), Goal Defence (GD) and Wing Defence (WD). The attack positions are Wing Attack (WA), Goal Attack (GA), Goal Shooter (GS) and then there is centre (C). * What type of feedback have you received and how has this impacted on your performance? The feedback that I was given during the netball course is that I had to work on my technique of the game as I didnt entirely understand the game very well as I started, but I now know the bulk of the rules and I can now play a successful game of netball.* What aspects of your performance do you need to wear? The aspects of my performance I need to develop is more of the running and the aerobic part of netball, as I get tyred quite easily and my muscles fatigue easily. * How are you going to improve on these things? wherefore is this the best way to do this? I guess Im going to impro ve on this if went for a run more often, it will accomplish my body used to the aerobic parts of netball and Ill be used to running. * What have you felt has been the most beneficial to your learning? Why do you think this is the case? The things that I think has been more beneficial is the exercise that I dont usually get and just the ability of knowing how to play the game of netball.* What has been the most efficacious practice for your development (skill drill, modified games, full games)? Why do you think this is the case? I think the most effective type of practice are the skill drills because it is just easy to get the group together and go and tell them to go off and practice attacking the ball with a group of 3 or 4. * What has impacted on your learning (other people, your strengths, illness etc.) The impacts Ive come across is getting sore knees and sura muscles as they get used the most by stopping and starting all of the time in this game. * What have been your strengt hs passim the unit?The strengths that I had throughout this unit would have to be the catching and passing. * Any other relevant information. Other relevant information would be that it was a non-regretting experience as I like trying new sports and to have fun also I found it helped with a bit more exercise that is well needed.

Experience Brings Success

Experience Brings Success Bonnie R. Humpherys Instructor Carol Bartlo Daemen College April 24, 2012 Introduction After graduating college, numerous students are often confused about the next step in life. While the main goal is to achieve success, college students are faced with many different opportunities after graduation. few of these opportunities include becoming and enterpriser, pursuing to a greater extent education or working for an existing business to gain exist.The cost of college tuition continues to rise and as a result we are asking ourselves whether it is really worth spending years working towards a degree when the same time could be spent earning money. move more education and working for an existing business promises and provides students with knowledge and experience needed to succeed. Generally, in this fast pace society both knowledge and experience are needed to succeed in the workforce. According to Entrepreneurship and Development Lazaer quotes many col lege haves are unemployed due to lack of experience in their field of study. sort of of thinking of different options many students automatically believe that they will obtain a high paying theorize as soon as they graduate college. Gaining experience in their field of study temporary hookup acquiring more knowledge in graduate school can prepare students for biography advancement. As new social groups enter higher education, socially privileged groups, whose reproduction was traditionally en authenticd by college degrees, increase their investments in education to stay ahead of newcomers. (Lazaer 2005) existence that more people are going to college every year the work force has become very competitive.Generally an undergraduate degree is no longer set as an advanced degree in the work force. After conducting a survey of twenty-five college students and five maestros I was able to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions. Being that I surveyed a wide variety of majo rs and professions the results varied greatly. Generally 71% of the respondents, both graduates and undergraduates chose to follow more education as a plan after graduation. In addition to pursuing more education 46% of respondents chose to work for an existing business while pursuing more education. though 71% of respondents chose to pursue more education it can be concluded that most undergraduate students do not have the pecuniary ability to pursue an advanced degree. It can also be concluded that many college graduates do not pursue an advanced degree because they do not have the financial ability to attend. Being that many of the respondents who chose other graduation plans agreed to pursue an advanced degree if they had the financial ability, this conclusion can be deemed well-grounded. auxiliary AAccording to the results, many of the Undergraduate respondents that chose to work for an existing business want to gain experience. Being that 75% of the professionals responded to pursue more education while getting experience, it can be concluded that work experience is very alpha in your career. Along with gaining experience, over 75% of the professional respondents agreed that an advanced degree is very important to obtain a job and for career advancement. Being that many of these respondents are already in their career fields their opinion can be deemed valid because they have first hand experience in their daily lives.Over 50% of the student respondents agreed that there is a lot of competition to obtain job and an advanced degree is essential for career advancement. Overall, due to the results from the other questions and the charts below the overall conclusion of not having the financial ability is what limits students from pursuing an advanced degree. Appendix A Conclusions In the society that we live, having a college degree is very important. Most businesses and practically all government agencies require at least a unmarried mans degree for a n entry-level position.In order to obtain these entry-level positions it is very important to have experience. Gaining experience while pursuing an advanced degree is very essential to career advancement. As more people go to college each year undergraduate degrees are no longer as invaluable for use of goods and services and advancement. Although many college students do not have the financial resources to attend, investing in an advanced degree opens up a vast amount of opportunities. Generally, pursuing more education while working for an existing business helps students gain the necessary knowledge and experience for employment and advancement.Refrences Lazaer, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship and development. Journal of Labor Economics23(4), 649-680. Retrieved from www. jstor. org. daeme. iii. com/stable/10. 1086/491605 Leibebstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and development. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 72-83. Retrieved from http/www. jstor. org. daeme. iii. com/stable/ Pringle, C. (n. d. ). comprehend fulfillment of organizational employment versus entrepreneurship Work take to bes and career intentions of business college graduates. Journal of Small Business Management, 29, 23-56. Zemke, R. (2001).Where do leaders come from? . Training, 38, 44-48. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/203413677? accountid=10399 Appendix A The Future for College Graduates The purpose of this survey is to gain insight into advanced degrees and professional employment. What is your undergraduate major? __________________________________________ What are your plans directly after graduation? * Become an entrepreneur * Become an entrepreneur and pursue more education * Go to work for an existing business * Go to work for an existing business and pursue more education * Pursue more education Other, please specify ___________________________ Why do you notion your choice in the above question will be best for you? _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Will your choice give you the immediate and future earnings potential you most desire? Definitely Most likely not sure Unlikely What level of disport do you have for becoming an entrepreneur presently after graduation?Much following Some Interest piffling interest No interest What level of interest do you have for pursuing an advanced degree immediately after graduation? Much interest Some Interest Little interest No interest Do you feel you have the financial ability to attend graduate school immediately after graduation? Yes No Page 1 of 2 If you did have the financial resources to attend graduate school immediately after graduation, would you then fill to go to graduate school? Yes NoWhat level of interest do you have for going to work for an established business immediately after college? Much interest Some Interest Little interest No interest What is the val ue of an advanced degree for business professionals to obtain employment? Very valuable worthy slimly valuable Not very valuable What is the value of an advanced degree for business professionals for career advancement? Very valuable Valuable somewhat valuable Not very valuableWhat is the value of professional work experience for business professionals for career advancement? Very valuable Valuable somewhat valuable Not very valuable Do you feel you would be at a disadvantage entering the professional workplace without an advanced degree? Yes No How do you feel about the competition for obtaining employment? Very competitive Competitive Somewhat competitive Not competitive How much closet do you feel about the amount of experience professional positions now require?Much Pressure Some pressure Little pressure No pressure Page 2 of 2 Appendix B The Future for College Graduates The purpose of this survey is to gain insight into advanced degrees and professional employment for colleg e graduates. What should college graduates do immediately after graduation? * Become an entrepreneur * Become an entrepreneur and pursue more education * Go to work for an existing business * Go to work for an existing business and pursue more education * Pursue more education Other, please specify ___________________________ Why do you feel your choice in the above question is best for college graduates? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Will that choice give graduates the immediate and future earnings potential they desire? Definitely Most likely Not sure Unlikely Do you feel new graduates have the financial ability to attend graduate school immediately after graduation?Yes No If college graduates did have the financial resources to attend graduate school immediately after graduation, do you think they would then choose to go to graduate school? Yes No What is the value of an advanced degree for business professionals to obtain employment? Very valuable Valuable somewhat valuable Not very valuable What is the value of an advanced degree for business professionals for career advancement?Very valuable Valuable somewhat valuable Not very valuable What is the value of professional work experience for business professionals for career advancement? Very valuable Valuable somewhat valuable Not very valuable Do you feel workers would be at a disadvantage entering the professional workplace without an advanced degree? Yes No How do you feel about the competition for obtaining employment? Very competitive Competitive Somewhat competitive Not competitive

Philips and Matsushita: A New Century, a New Round Essay

Prior to the beginning of the World War II, the Philips organization was in the infancy stages of initiating a movement of technological prowess in spite of appearance the industrys culture. They assumed the position as number one in the industry, consistently developing new manu particularuring plants to keep in stride with innovations in the development of light bulbs because the association only do light bulbs and was non interested in diversification like other industry competitors. Philips also was in the go of converting longstanding plants in suppose to keep step with production technology. Philips developed its product line in the 1930s, going from producing light bulbs exclusively, to also producing clean tubes, radios and X-ray tubes. But Phillips precious more the company did not want to limit itself to Holland. Philips was looking for international expansion.During this time, Holland was a little market place because of its lower universe as compared to other com petitor countries. Because of this, the company figured that exporting a consider equal amount of its products in order to generate enough income to maintain the readiness making method Philips is using. Philips was then converted into a centralized company with decentralized sales and autonomous marketing in 17 countries. So this at a time shows that even though Philips is a company domestic to Holland, the majority of its sales come from the exportation of its products to other countries. The marketing, advertising and promotions used for these products now depended on the late(prenominal)oral the product was being sold in. So their marketing campaign could not be universal. However, Phillips was due to encounter vari able-bodieds that altered the position of the company, said variables proving to be rambunctious for the company.Political affairs were an integral part in transitioning the Philips into a mutli-national organization. During the Great Depression, many nations u se trade barriers and tariffs in order to help the domesticproducers and economy. Phillips was able to work around these hindrances by developing and maintaining facility/facilities in the each of the nations/markets they sold their products. The Nazi invasion of 1939 and the ensuing exacting of World War II, assisted Philips in its conclusion to relocate its assets in Ally nations economies, specifically the US and England. R&D was moved to England, management to the USA. This caused Philips to rely on the independence and attention of the company to national organizations (NOs) since there was such growth in company resources in those area. This proved to be a positive development for Philips, allowing the company to oppose to nation-specific situations faster than the competition. .Once the war ended, Philips reaped the benefits of NO operation. Philips could now identify potential threats in a specific country in regards to industry/market and oppose via production. Philips was also utilizing there belligerent receipts in regards to the NOs in their research departments and their heavy existence in the local markets until the conclusion of the 1960s. After the 1960s, Philips competitive advantage became a disadvantage. The NOs became a detriment in that Philips was having difficulty acting in one accord as a company. This lack of organizational harmony made it very hard for Philips to innovate new products, created a lack of economies of sales in regards to production, and hindering the growth of the organization. The NOs started to do things in the high hat interest of the NO and not in the interest of Philips as a whole organization.Executives were no longer able to govern over the company as a whole, which created a sort of organizational anarchy and order could not be keep for the international company. For instance, Philips was unable to standardize the V2000 videocassette due to organizational disaccord. One part of Philips wanted to utilize l arger manufacturing facilities to produce the VHS feeling it to be the most efficient process. NOs, however, were did not want to do this because it would require local plant consolidation. Philips then implemented the Product Division (PDs) in order to rectify the problems the company was having with the NOs, but this was unsuccessful. The company then began to decline because of their inefficiency in providing the consumers with innovative products and the fact that their once competitiveadvantage, the NOs, was now a disadvantage because of the lack of control Philips had over them.How did Matsushita succeed in displacing Philips as No. 1? What were its distinctive competencies and incompetencies?Prior to WWII, while Philips was in the process of developing its NOs, Matsushita was in the process of entering the scene. Philips focused solely on light bulbs in contrast, Matsushita had a wide array of product offerings. With a parallel merger, Matsushita sold upwards to 5000 differen t products amongst 25000 retailers. These retail outlets furnished Matsushita the opportunity to connect the marketing scheme with the customer response to market trends. Even though Matsushita had a centralized R&D department, the bulk of products were made in PDs.Matsushitas innovation was minimal, but where they lacked in innovation they made up for it in the expedience in which they got products out into the market. If a market became saturated at the local level, Matsushita strove to expand globally by using international maneuvers. That move proved successful when faced with an unstable and uncertain market. One of the better ideas the company had was to off-shore vital aspects of manufacturing and production to nations with poorer economies, but the higher end products remained domestically produced. To get past controversy from American and European government lobbyist, Matsushita put plants in those nations as well, but the company made sure they had a strong grasp of those plants which alter differently from the approach of competitor Philips. By doing this, the internationally unification of Matsushita remained constant.Subsidiaries were also under the scrutinizing eye of Matsushita. This was accomplished by having subsidiaries assimilate into the Matsushita corporate culture, doing so by training subsidiaries in their management style and networking. Communication was perpetual through the use of phone conversations and faxes and GM outside of Japan would have to travel to HQ for training in order to ensure the assimilation method used was successful. By doing this, Matsushita was capable to garner cheaper prices for consumers in regards to their products. This helped pay up them a greater market sharethan Philips in the industry. In regards to the color television, trade liberalization and lower shipping (Bartlett p.9), this helped in the company being able to export abundantly.Another broker that helped Matsushita propel past Philips in the i ndustry was the companys getting headway in the color television market and its domination of the VCR market. Although Matsushita did not have a strong brand name being relatively new to the industry, it was able to maintain itself through by selling its products through discounters and host merchandisers. In regards to the VCR market, Matsushita was able to gain full control. initially the company had its own version of VHS, but in 1975/76 the company decided to give up their own version in order to compete with Sonys Betamax and JVSs competing VHS. This garnered in great results, the company manufacturing capacity being 6.8 million units at its peak, because Matsushitas ability to produce at a greater and faster level than competitors caused them to be the industry leader, causing the competition to seek their VHS format.The downside of this situation was the fact that global control of this extent gives the impression that creativity was halted regarding Matsushitas products. Op erations offshore were not consistent concerning R&D, which showed it to be an addition to the domestic R&D not able to act of its own accord. This was due to the fact that Matsushita had too firm of a grasp over its global operations. American engineers were able to deal with the constraints of this Matsushita, feeling it stifling to their work and hindering their professional development. In an effort to circumvent this issue, Matsushita decided to outsources the companys innovation, but this did not work. An environmental factor occurred, the collapse of the Japanese economy, which caused this system to be abandoned. What do you think of the qualifying each company has made to date the objectives, the implementation, and the impact? Why is the change so hard for both of them?Even though both companies, Matsushita and Philips, differed greatly in their tactics regarding organizational culture, they both were very conventional. And for a time, both methods were successfully. Ini tially Philips wasindustry leader, only to be later topped by Matsushita. Matsushita established a centralized organization domestically and controlled overseas operations and subsidiaries. Conversely, Philips decentralized its company globally and took a hands off approach to managing the NOs until organizational unification proved very hard to accomplish. Then Philips and Matsushita tried to flip management styles, fetching notes from one another. Both companies wanted to take the best methods from each other and discard unsuccessful measures that were taken. Electronics covers a vast array of items within that industry, so the best way to handle that market would be a tough centralized organization that encourages innovation of new entrant products and is malleability allows the company to respond to the mutant of the demands of markets overseas.Philips went through many different CEOs and in the 70s tried to incorporate the top performing plants into the International Producti on Centers (IPCs), which was knowing to supply the vast amount of NOs. This was an unsuccessful endeavor because the company greatly miscalculated the strength of the NOs. With no clear course for the organization as an international structure, the NOs were distillery in charge. Going into the 80s, lowering performing plants were shut down by Philips, causing a division of two groups within the company, i.e. core and non-core. In order to rectify the situation, Philips tried to purchase North American Philips Corp, a subsidiary. In the beginning, this was a success. However, profligacy of company resources caused the R&D budget to be trim down by 50% which devastated the company. Products coming out of R&D were no longer good.The 90s saw even more budget reduction, which trickled down to R&D creating a lack of innovation and loss of revenue. If Philips had cut spending in other areas outside of R&D, the company could have been more competitive. This R&D reduction is due large and in part to the fact that the company was decentralized making it very hard to have corporate collaboration, even if by chance an innovative product was developed. Additionally, the changes that the various chairman in the Philips Company made were structural in nature and did not address the organizational process and culture which is at the root to an organizations success.Matsushita was on the opposite side of the spectrum. The organization now bequeathing more power to its overseas subsidiaries, but it didnt work. The 80s brought about Matsushitas Operation Localization, giving management in the local market the autonomy to elect which products they felt would do best in their area. Many of the home plate changed location during this era as well. The 90s saw economic decline in the electronics industry in Japan, creating a vast amount of overhead. Since Matsushita did not have the prize of restricting, plants in Japan began to decline. To rectify this situation and increase sa les, Matsushita alter their management style with one that has a little more of a laissez-faire partial tone regarding foreign markets. That would help with their issues in innovation in those areas.What overall strategic recommendations would you make to Gerald Kleisterlee? To Eumio Ohtsubo?Gerald Kleisterlee should decentralize Philips as much as possible. The Headquarters in Holland should be relocated and to whichever market is the biggest. By doing this, Philips would be able to more efficiently service the consumer and do so faster. The company also needs to pull more resources to the R&D department. This would help Philips the opportunity to essentially have more innovative product line and to progress past the competition.Eumio Ohtsubo needs to revert plunk for to tried and true methods. A centralized operation with strict control over overseas operation is best suited for Matsushita. Outsourcing R&D was a very good idea for the company and should continue to be explored. A nd having the ability to get products to the market quickly would enhance the progress of this company.Philips had a multi-domestic strategy. The flaw of this strategy was limited control over NOs and lack of organizational unity. Matsushita had a global strategy. The flaw of this strategy was that the control the company had on foreign operations suppress innovation. Both companies should move towards a transactional strategy. Doing so would overcome both the flaws of lack ofcontrol over NOs and stifled innovation.Bibliography1.Bartlett, Christopher A. Philips versus Matsushita The Competitive Battle Continues. Harvard Business School subject area 910-410, December 2009. 2.Life, World, MBA and Universe Philips vs Matsushita. Life, World, MBA and Universe Philips vs Matsushita. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. 3.Tensa, Greg. Phillips Vs Matsushita. N.p., n.d. Web.

Fast food restaurant Essay

Introduction Fast feed is very common in Hong Kong. We fuck find at least nonpargonil riotous- victuals restaurant nearby. McDonald, KFC, Burger King, Triple Os, Cafe de Carol can be found everywhere in Hong Kong. Fast viands means that the food for thought can be prep bed and served very quickly. It can save us time and is convenient. picpicpic The aim of this report is to investigate fast food culture in Hong Kong at presentadays. Firstly, slue of fast food culture in Hong Kong would be given in order to get further understanding of fast food.Secondly, negative impacts of fast food would be discussed. Thirdly, despite the fact that Hong Kong people are more(prenominal) aware of their health, fast food restaurants shed emerged. Lastly, comparison amongst fast food shops and fast- proceeds shops would be mentioned to find out how these two types of shops affect customers choice of supply. Mr. Victor Chan, the Managing Director of the Triple Os, Hong Kong franchise, was in terviewed to find out the answer. Current situation picFig. 1 top 10 Global Markets for weekly Fast nourishment.According to the survey from ACNielsen (Refer to figure1), Hong Kong has the grittyest per centimeage of alimentation fast food in the world, with 61 per cent of people eating fast food at least once a week. The survey was conducted in October 2004 over the internet in 28 countries and regions across the Asia-Pacific, Europe and the US. It showed that more and more people are obsessed with fast food. Nine per cent of Hong Kong people visited fast-food restaurants at least once a day 86 per cent of people visited at least in two ways a calendar month.In the first nine months of this 2004, Hong Kong people visited fast-food restaurants on average seven times a month and spent $ 160. The survey revealed fast food has become a part of Hong Kong peoples lives. Hong Kong people are in fast pace of life. concourse have less time to eat and are busy to work. It makes fast foo d become more and more popular because it is convenient and comfortable. It replaces the position of tralatitious restaurants and these fast food shops have dominated our society gradually.Negative impacts of traditional fast food There are thousands of fast food shops in Hong Kong. They have totally changed eating habit and daily life of Hong Kong people. Albeit fast food is savory and tasty, it brings several health problems. Fast food contains lots of fats and high calories. For example, McDonalds provides a Big Mac, large fries and a large Coca-Cola drink which have 1430 calories. In fact, 2000 calories is the maximum amount a person needs in each day.Big Macs in Hong Kong contains more fat and cholesterol than those in the world. According to nutritional information on the companys website, each Hong Kong burger weighed 560 calories alone 80 calories is more than Australia, 67 calories more than Britain and 60 calories more than the Middle East. Obviously, fast food leads to obesity and diabetes, and increases the risk of heart disease and high daub pressure. Apparently, fast food contains high calories and lack in nutrition. Fast food is not proper meal that people can eat every day.in any event this, facing the influence of mass media and the trend in Hong Kong, slim body figures are encouraged. Therefore, Hong Kong people realize the importance of health. They are get outing to eat reasoning(a) food with wretched calories and fats. In order to meet the demand of lusty and higher nutritional food from Hong Kong people, fast food shops start to provide healthy food to customers. For example, McDonalds try to give more choice to customers by providing healthier food, likes fresh salad and low fat yogurt.Fast food culture in Hong Kong has changed. Emergence of Fast-service food shops in Hong Kong Interview with Triple Os White Spot Because of the rise in living standard and change in eating habits of Hong Kong customers, traditional fast food shop s, such as McDonalds and KFC, can no longer meet the demands of customers. The emergence of a brand bran-new type of catering choice fast-service food shops, introduces a new dining experience to Hong Kong customers, thus, bringing a positive and striking impact to the catering industry. sensation of the most successful fast-service food shops in Hong Kong is Triple Os White Spot, which was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1928, best known for its hamburgers In 2003, Triple Os expanded its business to Hong Kong, labelting up the first shop in the Great food hall in the cellar of Pacific Place, Admiralty. Until 2010, there are already 5 Triple Os established throughout Hong Kong, in which the franchises each record more than twice as many sales as the average location in BC.In order to know more about fast-service food shops, an interview has been conducted with the managing film director of the Triple Os, Hong Kong franchise, Mr. Victor Chan. pic pic Triple Os White Spot aims to provide high theatrical role, home-made and healthy fast food and family-friendly services to pee a new kind of dining experience to customers. According to Mr. Chan, Triple Os in Hong Kong have to follow strictly the menu and ingredients set by the Canadian home office to ensure its high food quality.For instance, unlike traditional fast food shops that only focus in lowering their yield cost, Triple Os milkshakes are made of fresh milk and premium ice-cream. Burger beef is from Australia, delivered fresh to Triple Os in Hong Kong, not frozen. Mr. Chan added that Triple Os menu will not change in order to suit the appetite of Hong Kong customers, therefore resulting in a express choices of food in their menu compared to other fast food shops. In order to provide freshly made burgers, it usually takes up to 5 to fuck a whole meal set.That is why customer-friendly service is provided in Triple Os. Instead of self-help service in traditional fast food shops, waiters will deliver meals to customers in person, offering customers efficient dining services. Besides that, because of the insistence of high quality ingredients, price of food is again higher than that of fast food shops. Yet, it does not affect customers choice of catering since they are now enjoying a higher living standard, willing to spend more for the bring forth of good food and nice service.Triple Os success is also a result of change in eating habits and perceptions of Hong Kong customers. The idea of deoxidize is in is widely spread by the mass media, people are getting more conscious about their physique and health, direct to the rise of a new kind of eating habit healthy eating. Believing that traditional fast food shops only furnish of deep-fried food, customers tend to look for healthy, yet, delicious fast food for substitution. Triple Os hit the exact demand of customers. Food in Triple Os is generally low in fat and that no preservatives and artificial flavours are a dded in.Vegetarian burgers and lots of vegetables are included in every meal set in order for customers to make a balance diet, said Mr. Chan, healthy cooking methods are also used, such as roasting and grilling of burger beef and chicken stripes with polished olive oil rather than deep-frying. Fries with potato skins are again intended to provide dietary fibre for better digestion of customers. Customers are free to accept according to their personal preference, having a custom-made burger in any way they want, like whether to add in any dressing in their burgers.Another finical feature of Triple Os is that there is no advertisement about it at all. We rather spend our money in purchasing high quality ingredients than wasting them on advertising. We believe that with our food and service, reputation can be build up in no time. Once again, we prove ourselves even up said Mr. Chan. Marketing is clearly not the major concern of Triple Os. From the fast food shops point of view, we (fast-service food shops) have become a huge competitor to the traditional fast-service shops. Like McDonalds, they are, in fact, following our way in preparing food and provision of service.However, since there is vast difference between us and traditional fast food shops, we dont treat them as a direct competitor. Our aim is not only to provide fast food to customers, and a new dining experience, which makes us unique in the catering industry. Mr. Chan concluded by the end of the interview. Comparison between Fast food shops and Fast-service food shops Fast food shops have always been one of the dominating choices of catering. Yet, in recent years, there are a definite increasing deed of fast-service food shops in Hong Kong, which result in an intense competition between the two.In the following table, we use the example of McDonalds (fast food shops) and Triple Os (fast-service food shops) to show the major differences between fast food shops and fast-service food shops, w hich affect customers choice of catering. pic pic Differences Fast food shops (McDonalds) Fast-service food shops (Triple Os) gauge of food Low game Ingredients used Use of low quality ingredients to cut off production costStrictly follow the Canadian headquarters use of high e. g. quality ingredients e. g. milkshakes milk, water, and milk milkshakes fresh milk and premium powder ice-cream burger meat organ meat mixed with Burger meat Australian imported, carbohydrate crumbs and onion pure beef Method of cooking Deep-frying Grilling and Roasting Health consciousness Less More - lack of vegetables and fruits in the menu - inclusion of vegetarian food choices - unhealthy cooking method used - healthier cooking methods used Flexibility of ordered food Standardized food Immediate, Custom-made e.g. - Burgers are pre-made for purchase, which follow a - Customers may add in more vegetables in their burgers or uniform standard. choose not to add any dressings a t all. Food choices Wide variety Limited as it must follow the menu of their headquarters in - Burgers, fries, ice-cream, different types of Canada fried-food, soft drinks, pies - burgers, fries, onion rings, chicken stripes, milkshakes Characteristics Fast, convenient High quality of food, brand new type of dining experience No.of shops in HK More Less Cost Low High due to the high quality of ingredients used Services Less More - provides only ordering services in the cashier - provides not only ordering and packing up services, but also delivery of meals to customers like restaurants Advertisements More None - wide coverage via the mass media (e. g. TV ads, the - building up reputation by customers word of mouth Internet, newspaper) - money used in quality ingredients rather than in advertisements From the above comparison, we can see that fast-service food shops introduces a brand new kind of catering experience to Hong Kong by providing high quality of food and efficient, customer-friendly services. As customers are being more health conscious, fast-service food shops seem to have hit the market, pull enormous attention from customers of other types of catering choices, especially those of fast-food shops. Customers also enjoyed the idea of immediate and custom-made. Customers are able to order in according with their preferences.Burgers are freshly made with A-grade ingredients immediately upon order, which freshness of food can be completely guaranteed. Together with the efficient and friendly service provided, fast-service food shops seem to make full and satisfy the demands of picky customers. The success of a few fast-service shops in Hong Kong is inevitably bringing in a competitor to traditional fast-food shops. Conclusion In the medieval two decades, Hong Kong has inevitably been an international city under the dandy influence of fast food culture.As the only demand for food is efficiency, the mere provision of fast an d convenient food could already satisfy the demands of most customers. Yet, with the improvement in economic level, living standard and change in eating habits of customers, fast food shop could no longer provide them with what they want. Customers are more willing to enjoy quality and healthy food and nice service when dining, thereby, leading to the introduction of fast-service food shops to Hong Kong.Fast-service food shops bring in huge impacts and brand new ideas to the fast food world. Not only efficiency, quality of food, provision of service and health consciousness should be brought into considerations in order to fulfill the demands of customers. The emergence of fast-service food shops provides a new choice of catering for customers, which leads to intense competition between fast food shops and them. Competition between the two definitely brings positive impacts to the catering industry.Traditional fast food shops seem to realize their shortcomings and need of change, no w even McDonalds follow the way of fast-service food shops by providing immediate-made burgers instead of pre-made ones. Because of the vast difference between fast food shops and fast-service food shops, it is difficult to take in at this stage that which one of them can dominate the fast food industry. The only thing for sure is that customers are, always and forever, the winner in this match, having to enjoy the great foodReference OWikipedia OOfficial homepage of Triple Os Hong Kong OSouth China Morning Post OHong Kong Yahoo OACNielsen OHKUSPACE pic pic pic Vocabulary Sheet Fast Food Culture account book (parts of speech) Meaning Dietician (n) a person who is an expert in nutrition or dietetics Fast-food addict (n) a person who is addicted to fast-food Americanization (n) assimilate to the customs and institutions of the U. S. Delicacies (n) something exquisite or pleasing, esp.a choice food considered with regard to its rarity, costliness Sedentary (adj) characterize d by or requiring a sitting posture Coronary (adj) of or pertaining to the gracious heart, with respect to health Superficial (adj) shallow not profound or thorough Standardize (v) to bring to or make of an established standard size, weight, quality, military strength Unpalatable (adj) not palatable unpleasant to the taste Franchise (n) the right or license granted by a company to an individual or group to market its products or services in a specific territory Variant (adj) tending to change or alter exhibiting variety or diversity Proliferate (v) to increase in number or spread rapidly and often excessively prominent (adj) standing out so as to be seen easily conspicuous particularly noticeable Prevalent (n) widespread of wide extent or occurrence in general use or acceptance Ubiquity (n) the state or capacity of being everywhere, esp. at the same time Detrimental (adj) causing detriment damaging harmful many (adj) innumerable many Flavor-enhancing (adj) enha ncing the flavor of food Paramount (adj) chief in importance or impact supreme preeminent Consumer-friendliness (n) products of non-harmful elements to consumers

Hitting a Baseball

It has been a proven fact that hitting a baseball game is one of the toughest things to gain in sports. In the major leagues if you fail 7 out of 10 times you atomic number 18 still considered to be an incredibly good hitter. That statistic shows how challenging it is redden for Athletes at the professional level to produce a complete(a) swing. In order to achieve this perfect swing there is a series of adjustments that must be made. In this essay I will show how hitting a baseball develops through 3 different stages of learning.When someone is archetypal jump off commonly around the ages of 7 to 9 , they do not understand that the way a chiropteran is held effects the outcome of the swing. In the root process many tend to place the lam in their palm and grip it extremely tight, without aligning their knuckles. They do not realize that holding the slash this way will reduce the range of motion in the swing, causing slower bat speed.Another primeval component to hittin g a baseball is the hitters stance. In the beginning stage many crowd the plate, with their toes pretty much touching the corner of the tip of the plate. The legs are extremely lot and the toes are pointing in two different steerages. The hands are then placed right next to the ear with both elbows facing up. The hitters back is usually arched at the top, with their shoulders kinds of pushing in to the neck.As the ball is pitched the hitter does not take a step towards the pitch, instead they keep their feet set on their heels. When the ball is getting closer they begin their swing by dropping the back elbow and lifting the forward one up. As the bat begins to mar the plate the head begins to turn away from the ball, because they are using no hip action. The bat is stopped in front of their body, creating no follow through. on that point may be little or no contact at this point.As a hitter progresses around the middle school stage, one thing they begin to change is the way t hey grip the bat. Now that they are a little much informed they begin to align the knuckles and place the bat on the fingers instead of on the palm. The hitter instantaneously has more flexion in the wrist along them to better their chances of hitting the ball.The stance of the batter is flat gradually changing as well. The batter is now able to get in a position to where they can feel a little more comfortable. The knees are just are just slightly bent still allowing them to have some mobility. The toes are both facing in the same direction but are still planted on their heels. The elbows are now facing down instead of up, and the hands are up just exalteder up the shoulders and away from the ears. The back is no longer arched and the hitter is now at a stance where they are not as stiff as they once were.As the pitch comes the hitter now takes a step forward to generate some force, and prepare for his swing to begin. As the pitch is approach shot the hitter now keeps his eye s on the ball as it is coming in and extends hit arms out toward the baseball but slightly drops the place of the bat because of this, the hitter might have a tendency to pop the ball up instead of hitting a solid line drive. At this point the swing has now gotten better but still it has not generated bat speed to its full potential.Once the collegiate level is reached the batter now understands all the key fundamentals to hitting a baseball. With many years of practice and execution the hitters swing is now at its perfect state making it much easier to create contact and power. At this point the hitter no longer has any difficulty with the grip of the bat, or stance. Their feet are at shoulder width length allowing them to be at their most powerful position. The hitter is on the balls of his or her feet and is no longer on the heels.As the pitch is coming the hitter shifts his weight from the front leg to the back leg. The hitter is creating negative force by taking a step back, t hen going forward once again. At this point, weight should be about 70 percent on the back leg, 30 percent on the front leg. This allows the hitter to stay on the back leg to generate the most amount of power possible as they are swinging. While this is happening the hitter must also shift his hand back to generate more power in the upper body as well.The next step is the key essential where many beginners go wrong when trying to hit a baseball. Many believe that the hands trigger the swing, but this is untrue. It is the explosion of the hip that creates the swing. The hips uprise to open and allow the hands to explode through the hitting zone at a much higher rate of speed than if the hands triggered first and were still inhibited by the body. This has been proven by some of the most respected hitting authorities in the world by using high speed motion detection software to analyze a hitters swing.Once the hips have started to open, the hands shoot through the zone. The hitter dri ves the nob of the bat to the ball, and keeps the bat through the zone as long as possible. This makes it easier to hit the pitch no matter where it is thrown. Once the bat has made contact the hips naturally end up their rotation as the hands leave the hitting zone and follow through. The weight shifts forward into contact, and all of the steps come together into a fluid, flying swing. Now the batter can produce hard linedrives or homeruns instead of soft grounders or pop ups.

Baking

My parents worked a lot of hours when I was a teenager, so dinner was left to me to cook. I soon learned all the usual family classics the likes of spaghetti bolognas, shepherds pie, roasts and cooked breakfasts. I became a lot more adventurous when I had my own family and quite often get the recipe books protrude to try something new. I plainly really got into baking once our boys came along and wanted to make them homemade cakes for their birthdays.I remember the first cake I ever made was at instill in cooking class. It was awful, it sated like a biscuit, the icing the puck was a terrible hot pink color that ran off the sides of the cake as I hadnt let them cool enough. It was a disaster that with age I have become a lot more patient. When I started baking I scarce tried Victoria sponges everyone that tried them said that tasted delicious. So then I went on to experiment with different flavors like chocolate, carrot and coffee and walnut and a variety of different flavor cup cakes.I still havent tried cake pops even though I have a little machine to try them. non all of my cakes turn out perfect, some sink In the middle or urn about the outside edges. It takes a while to get to know your oven , what temperature Is best(p) to cook at and remember never to open the oven door to early. So now I had mastered the cakes it was time to get on with the decorating which is either roaring and straight forward or a nightmare and you keep pulling the icing off and starting again.It can be really frustrating when the icing splits or cracks but what is really awful is when youve laid the icing over the cake and you turn and put your finger in it. Thats not so inquisitive if your covering the cake with flowers or early(a) secretions because you hide it but if it has to be smooth you have to restart it or try and patch if its not in a noticeable place. The first cake I made was for my eldest when he was three. He was crazy for fireman Sam. Looking back on what I can do now it wasnt really that good.For the cake I made a 8 Inch round Victoria sponge and cover It with egg white fondant. I colored red fondant and cut out a fire engine shape as seen from the front. I put a photo of our boys on the cake and laid the fire engine shape over the top so it faceted like they were driving I scoreed the blue lights, a few exposit to the fire engine, name, age and the happy birthday. Everyone loved it even though we couldnt eat the picture. I had found something that I really loved doing. I get a warm feeling when I see someone face after they have received their cake.I started making them for our boys but ended up making them for friends, their children and other family members. The first cake I made outside the family was for my best friends son on his third birthday. He wanted a treasure chest, this I was a little worried about as I had never tried to bake any other shapes other than circles r squares, and this needed to have a lid on It. I alway s start by looking in my cake books and the Internet. There are millions of cake pictures on Google Images. I look at the pictures and decide what shape, flavors and colors Im going to use.Then I get a piece of paper and draw a rough copy of the cake and add little notes as to what the color is going to be or the type of icing Im going to use or where the decorations buying a Swiss volute to hold in the lid a curved shape. Whilst the cake was cooling I got to work on making the decorations so they would have time to dry out before putting hem on the cake. I then made up a pile of chocolate butter cream and sandwiched the cakes together and covered the complete outside and the lid which was made out of a cardboard rectangle covered with foil.Once it was covered I dragged a fork through the icing to give it a wooden effect and stared putting the decorations and the lid on. I put the lid resting on two skewers so I could have chocolate capital coins and some Jewels spilling over the top. I dusted all the white-livered fondant with gold shimmer powder to give it some elegance. It was one of my successes and with allow sugar all around the bottom to look like sand. skilful to add a little surprise I buried a two pound coin below the sand and placed an x on top then immaculate with the usual name age and happy birthday.Not all of my cakes have been so amazing. It depends on what the birthday boy or girl likes. One cake I hated making was a Manchester united football shirt . When it was finally finished it looked okay but getting it to the end was a nightmare. The icing kept splitting or cracking, I couldnt cover the sleeves without creasing the icing I ended up throwing the icing at the wall ND having a cup of tea. When I went back to it with fresh icing and changing tactics I got it covered but swore I would never do another one.I found it to be a very plain cake with very little decoration even so the little boy was delighted. It depends on what the in thin g is with the children as to what I get asked to make. With girls it tends to be princess castles, horses or anything pink or sparkly. With boys the last couple of age its been mine craft but they also like football themes, been 10 and the minions from despicable me. My all time favorite cake to bake was when my ingest asked for a yellow minion ( there are purple one too. I thought it was going to be quite complex but it turned out to be one of the easiest cakes I have ever made. Once I had baked enough cakes and cooled them I sandwiched them all together with butter cream and covered with yellow fondant. Whilst this was all setting I fashioned a pair of blue dungarees from fondant, his eye and goggle, arms and legs. When these were all ready I stuck it all together and it Just went together like a dream. He was awe struck when he saw it and everyone said it was amazing and tasted fantastic.

Hobbes and Locke Essay

Thomas Hobbes and basin Locke are indeed, two of the most brilliant philosophers that ever existed. They may gather in similarities and differences between them, but it is undeniable that their topics contributed a lot in shaping the modern world. two Hobbes and Locke grok man as a central figure in a hunting lodge. For Hobbes, it is mans character to be mindful of him exclusively, with self-interest going above everything else. On the another(prenominal) hand, Locke perceives man as or so(prenominal) self-interested and concerned about other people.The two re totallyy have similarities and differences, but in do to get laid more about them, we need to fittedise their stand about various reflections of society. One important aspect that we could consider is sovereignty (Williams, 2006). Hobbes made it clear in his Leviathan that a political societys restore task was to identify a soulfulness or a group as the sovereign. This pertains to an election of some sort, which would determine who would be the sovereign. Hobbes regards this sovereign as someone with absolute power, and that every person in the society should give him/them their absolute obedience.For Hobbes, the only time that the people would be sovereign is when they choose who will be the distinguished sovereign of all. Locke on the other hand, would put the public good above all else, gum olibanum affecting his notion of sovereignty (John Locke, 2004). In Lockes Second Treatise of Government, he recognizes the permanence and irrevocability of the social contract, but this limits the legislation only for public good. If and whenever the public trust is violated, say perhaps the people in power overlooked the public good, then they would have to answer to the people.They retained the power to remove or replace the legislative, considered to be sovereign, with a new legislative. Though it is unclear in Lockes writings, he someways deposits sovereignty in the people. He recognizes the s overeignty that a legislative may have, but so far, it is in the turn over of the people to correct any inappropriate actions that violate the public good. Another aspect that we could use to compare Locke and Hobbes is their idea about government. But before that, we need to consider first how these two look at the natural law that all men follow.For Hobbes, man follows a naturally law that eventually leads to a state of war. Their fair to middlingity leads to conflict between each other, eventually leading to war and chaos. Locke on the other hand, would consider mans natural law as a movement towards equality and freedom. Both men draw their ideas about the government from their concept of natural law. For Hobbes, government is important because it can be used to control natural law. For Locke on the other hand, government is important in order to guard natural law.In relation to this, another aspect that we can consider in comparing Hobbes and Locke is their idea about reme diates. Thomas Hobbes believed that the natural law that man follows result from the rights possessed by each person to do everything in the world. Since theyre allowed to do whatever they want because of the rights they possess, conflict would be unavoidable. In order to avoid this state of war, man follows a social contract in order to create a civil society. This requires them to forfeit or cede some of their natural rights in order to be protected.This in some manner controls them from exercising all of their rights, but somehow protecting them from the impending destruction that results from conflicts and wars. As for John Locke, he believes that all of us possess Natural Rights, which is brought about by the state of nature that we follow in the society. These include the right to life, liberty, and property. Both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke believe that all men are equal according to the natural law. For Hobbes however, this equality is seen in a state of war, caused by ma ns right to everything.These rights lead them into conflict and boils down to chaos. Still, Hobbes believe that this state of war to be an equal field, wherein the weakest can still kill the strongest. There is no one above others in this state of war. He also believes that all man is sensible by nature, and can agree upon each other to avoid these constant wars. Locke on the other hand, sees man optimistically, wherein they are governed according to reason, thus coexisting equally and peacefully. They are all equal in terms of the rights they possess, thus putting them on the same level as everyone else.Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both agree on the impressiveness of civilizing man. It each control or preserve natural law, either way, it is beneficial. Putting this on the idea of the savage, we can see that they give emphasis on the importance of civilizing man because it makes him better. We can say that for these two, man cant do away with the social establishments that he crea ted, including the government and their notion of sovereignty, as it preserves and promote order in the society, something that both philosophers can somehow agree upon.

Exploring Love and Loss Essay

Guiding Question How nominate we comp are and explore the themes of eff and red ink within 4 poems of our weft? This essay will be based upon the quatern poems kick arrive at acknowledge by John Clare, Remember by Christina Rossetti, When We cardinal Parted by Lord Byron and A Woman to Her fan by Christina Walsh. The themes of drag along and spill will be explored and compared in this essay, and we will be shown how the motives use of run-in, structure, and form in each poem, can be shown to portray their ideas, regarding chicane and loss. counterbalance get by, Remember and When We Two Parted have a fixed rhyme (ABAB rhyme).However, A Woman to Her buff has free poetise structure (no iambic pentameter) which was used to develop the idea of freedom because the poem is nigh real love and freedom. It is the only poem of the four that doesnt stick to any rhythm, maybe this is because the author wanted to capture the readers attention? A good example of this is when Ch ristina Walsh says O husband, I am yours forever and our co-equal love will make the stars to laugh with joy. This is one(a) way that Christina shows freedom in her poetry.Remember has a patriarchal sonnet, which is where the graduation exercise eight flexures discuss a particular idea of loss, and the fail six lines offer a resolution/conclusion of that idea. When We Two Parted has a blank verse and uses an iambic pentameter. An example of an iambic pentameter in When We Two Parted is Half broken- shopping m every last(predicate)ed, to sever for years. This shows ten syllables, and with every(prenominal) new(prenominal) being stressed, it make believes intensity and a certain amount of seriousness. In these two poems, First Love and A Woman to Her Lover, the authors try their best to represent the nature of love.In reading First Love, john Clare gives disclose a clear message to the readers How it feels when we fall in love for the first time. He expresses falling in love as something magical. He describes how his legs refused to walk aside, in other words meaning he was totally wrapped up in love and so hyp nonized by her beauty that he did not actually want to walk away. A Woman to Her Lover is unusual. The poem represents love, that it is as If Christina Walsh doesnt want to be possessed or worshipped, but respected instead. She thinks love means equal partnership for example sharing things.It is not love if she does everything for her partner No servant will I be if that be what you ask. O buff I refuse you When We Two Parted and Remember both express love in different ways. When We Two Parted shows that you do not know what you have until you lose it. Lord Byron had many affairs and therefore when he constitute out that his mistress was dying, he could not openly grieve because nobody knew that they were rooters. When he found out about his mistress dying, he matte up sad and depressed, but all the same felt trapped, because he could n ot express himself.This sadness and depression made it so hard for Byron to express his feelings, because maybe it caused her love for him to die. These four poems alike represent loss in some ways. When We Two Parted and Remember are very similar. Both poems give a different kind of message to their lovers but have one thing in common the loss of a good, strong family. Byron is portraying that his mistress dumped him and now he does not know how to deal with it because he is married and is having an affair. He cannot openly talk about how he feels as his affair was a secret.He also writes A knell to mine ear in the third stanza. This is explaining that if he hears her name, it would be like a death bell in his ears. This poem also shows love deteriorating. Christina Rossetti on the other hand, is explaining to her lover how she is dying slowly, and to move on and be happy. The first line REMEMBER me when I am gone away clearly tells us that this is poem is about loss and possib ly death. She talks about separating from a loved one possibly her husband but it is not clear because in the second line she says that she will go far away into a motionless land. This again could represent heaven the fact that she is dying, or that she is just simply fed up of her relationship and wants to get away from everything, including love. First Love is the only poem out of these four that hardly represents loss (in the sense of never being to experience first love once again). It shows that he has lost his heart to her and is blinded by love. This can particularly be expressed when John Clare writes and then my blood hie to my administration and took my eyesight quite away, and I could not see a single thing. This shows that through his eyes, all he can see is her, and love, and he is overwhelmed by the feeling. However, A Woman to Her Lover represents loss because Christina Walshs partner is losing out on getting her. We can see this in the first three stanzas wher e Christina is refusing her lover and wants to be independent. Focusing on the first two stanzas mainly, there is evidence of Christina refusing her lover O lover I refuse you (First stanza) and Fool, I refuse you (Second stanza), this shows that Rossetti may perhaps be trying to express loss, but the loss of which is derived from love.This is how the poems share a link, they are on the basis of love, but some waver off into loss. These four poems show different aspects of imagery. First Love uses natural imagery for example trees, flowers and snow to create a positive mood, but Remember creates a dark and depressive mood, which we can clearly see from her genius of language and tone, which is morbid. We can see this when Rossetti says REMEMBER me when I am gone away, gone far away into the silent land, when you can no more hold me by the hand, nor I half turn to go yet bend stay. The rhyme is also important here because it increases the fluency. When We Two Parted also create s a dull and depressive atmosphere because we can see from the title that the relationship is over and that there is bound to be grief from both lovers. Finally, A Woman to Her Lover expresses imagery that causes tension, as the last stanza has a turning point explaining how Christina Walsh will be with her husband forever, whereas in other stanzas she refuses her lover as mentioned above. To explore love and loss, and portray to the reader how they are felt, each writer uses a different mix of literary techniques.Similes can be very effective in comparing human emotions to items that the author can relate to. In First Love, One example of how John Clare uses similes is when he describes and compares his first loves beauty to flowers Her display case it bloomed like a sweet flower. Clare also uses a hyperbole And then my blood rushed to my face and took my eyesight quite away. This is known as a hyperbole (an exaggeration) because he isnt literally blind, he has just lost his he art to a woman, and this highlights the phrase love is blind, which is often heard these days. Clare was so caught up in love that he could not see anything else.He uses personification when saying Are flowers the winters choice? He is saying that he has never felt these feelings before, and is comparing love to snow because snow is beautiful. It was prospering to count on the scene of the poems because it sounded sensible, and is backed up by a clear use of emotive language and imagery. Some things such as snow in First Love are unusual, but not unheard of, and so this results in people finding it is easy to paint a mental picture of. The ideas of love and loss in these poems are important as they show us what the speaker felt at the time.It was a personal experience to them, and the imagery they used was very effective because it took a mesomorphic grip on the reader, and the way imagery was used, is something that readers could relate to. The authors made each poem sound as p ure as possible through using literary techniques such as metaphors, similes, hyperboles, adjectives, personification, and natural imagery. These four poems are effective because they explore the idea and theme of love and loss thoroughly enough for the readers to get a general perspective on how love and loss can affect us in everyday life.

Trends in Modern International Terrorism

Tr stopping pips in redbrick planetary act of terrorism Boaz Ganor Abstract This chapter examines more or less of the most widely inquiryed trends and social occasions within the phenomenon of new-fangled inter interior(a) panicism, providing breed _or_ system of g in all overnment recommendations on how to counter its emerging brats crabbed(prenominal)ly that of the global Jihad movement and native terrorist act. The magnitude of the raw terrorist little terror was demonstrated by the attacks of family line 11, and ever since, the field has experienced a renewal of sorts, attracting unprecedented attention by some(prenominal) scholars and the mainstream humans.This chapter resulting introduce readers to the main schools of popular opinions within the academic field that exempt act of terrorist act. It will also present the galore(postnominal) an otherwisewise(prenominal) disciplines applicable to the bena of terrorist act, demonstrating that the phenomenon is multifaceted in nature, requiring a viscid supranationalistic and bighearted-based response. In covering a number of dilemmas facing terrorist act experts, the chapter explores the logical argument over a description of terrorism, providing a proposed comment that distinguishes acts of terrorism from sorry acts.The chapter continues on to explore the phenomenon of new-fashi hotshotd terrorism, the role of tralatitious crime within the terror sphere, and the growing terror of Global jihadi terrorism including terror networks and homegrown cells and activists who adopt emerged as a resolution of the spread of radical Muslim political theory. The role of terrorism in democratic articulates and the economic ramifications of terrorism argon also explored. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations on how governments should effectively resolve to terrorism and disc employments agency for further investigate.Trends in Modern International Terrorism In recent categorys, the academic world has witnessed a surge of research and academic programs in the field of homeland hostage system and counterterrorism. After the attacks of 9/11, the threat of world-wide terrorism immediately topped the international agenda. B. Ganor Lauder School of Government, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel e-mail emailprotected ac. il D. Weisburd et al. (eds. ), To Protect and To Serve Policing in an Age of Terrorism, DOI 10. 007/978-0-387-73685-3_2, Springer perception + Business Media, LLC 2009 11 12 B. Ganor Growing recognition of the threat, com storeed with an increase in government spending, spurred the development of academic research institutions, think tanks, and new higher education programs in the study of homeland security and counterterrorism. The trend was grumpyly prominent in the United States, as researchers sought a basic dread of the characteristics of terrori sm and agencies sought sorts to effectively escape with the phenomenon.This trend was accompanied by a square increase in the number of researchers focusing on the phenomenon of terrorism. These researchers came from a wide array of academic disciplines, applying vary quantitative and qualitative research tools and methods in their analysis of the threat. In ground the phenomenon and pr fifty-fiftyting future terrorist attacks, researchers guard focussed mostly on lowstanding the rationale of terrorist organizations in general and Global Jihad organizations in carve upicular their cost-benefit calculations and their ratiocination-making dish outes. Trends in terrorism stomach also been explored often focusing on the introduction, transition, or prominence of a proper(postnominal) modus operandi or a method, often(prenominal)(prenominal) as suicide bombardments, the Global Jihad movement, or the exercising of unconventional weapons. Reviewing these trends and them es in terrorism and the academic research that has accompanied them is crucial in de bourneining how cold we have come and how far we have to go, both in terms of the governments designing and deciding on counterterrorism policy and the academics informing such(prenominal)(prenominal) decisions.In exploring the phenomenon of advance(a) international terrorism, this chapter will first introduce readers to the various schools of popular opinion and academic approaches expendd in explaining terrorism drawing on a wide range of disciplines and theories. reciprocation will then move to unrivaled of the most basic comp integritynt parts of the terrorism dilemma, with implications on how the term and and so phenomenon of terrorism itself is treated, applied, and understood by the international residential district the debate over delimitate terrorism.As will be demonstrated, definitions of terrorism vary widely with equally as wide implications yet on that point is stil l a general consensus among most leading scholars as to the essential nature of the threat. Modern terrorism, the next theme that will be explored in this chapter, is regarded as a form of psychological strugglefare think to spread attention and anxiousness among the objective population. This fear is trans youngd into political pressure on decision makers to change policies in such a style that will wait on the terrorists interests.As such, advanced(a) terrorists seek to exploit the plentiful value of democratic states, forcing governments to adhere to their demands as a result of the physical, psychological, and economic ramifications of terrorist attacks. The nature of terrorism in copulation to the democratic state will be explored in a later section of this chapter as well. As terrorist separates are usually engaged in a long war of attrition, terrorist organizations need ongoing protrude and funds to ensure they stern maintain their activities.In fact, i of the m ain sources of funding for galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) terrorist organizations is criminal bodily function smuggling, counterfeiting, extortion, and narcotics. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the threat of international terrorism grew with the spread of Global Jihad terrorism. do up of complex networks of hierarchal terrorist organizations, proxy and affiliate organizations, local anaesthetic and international terror 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 13 etworks, sleeper cells, and in physiciantrinated radical activists, all these actors share a commonality extreme political orientation and the readiness to part fierceness in general and terrorism in particular in send to fall upon their terminuss. The economic ramifications of these activities barely further change the damage posed by terrorist attacks, anformer(a) focus of terrorism research. This dynamic terrorist phenomenon has threatened an increasing number of states epoch involving much terror organizations, networks, activists, and whizs worldwide.The growing level of the threat, its international scope, its lethality,1 and the possible exercise of nonconventional terrorism (CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons) necessitate future multidisciplinary research in the field and a more cohesive, international response. Explaining Terrorism In general, two schools of thought explaining the phenomenon of modern terrorism have emerged out of the collection of academic work within the discipline the psychological-sociological school of thought and the political-rational school of thought.Both schools maintain that terrorism seeks to achieve political goals by instructing fear and anxiety among the stooge population, further each stresses a unlike aspect of the commentary. The psychological-sociological school, represented most recently by scholars such as Dr. Jerrold Post (1998) and John Horgan (2005), stresses the phenomenons psychol ogical comp unmatchednt, maintaining that the immediate and primordial goal of terrorism is to instill fear and anxiety, while its political goals are long term. Terror as a clinical term refers to a psychological state of constant dread or fearfulness, associated with an abnormally high level of psych-physiological arousal. This is central to what terrorists direct to achieve, since after all, while they have some ultimate set of political objectives, it is an immediate goal of most terrorist mathematical groupings to cause terror (Horgan, 200514). The psychological-sociological school come up toes both the desired effect of terrorism and its root causes, relying primarily on social group dynamics and the psychological profile of an case-by-case terrorist actor.Some early psychological explanations of terrorism have rivet on the disruptive or psychopathological personalities of terrorist operatives, analyzing terrorists based on characteristics or dis avers associated with furious or aggressive behaviors (De la Corte et al. , 2007). Some of the common psychological characteristics that have been attri furthered to so- nameed terrorists Analysis of terrorist incidents over the last 35 geezerhood confirms that terrorist attacks, while arguably decreasing in quantity, are growing more deadly over m, as the number of fatalities per attack has increased (LaFree and Dugan, in this volume).Such data, further, rely on a definition of terrorism that LaFree and Dugan themselves n wiz is relatively inclusive. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD), on which their analysis is based, excludes attacks on the army by guerilla organizations, but includes war machine butts attacked by substate actors motivated by political, economic, or social motives (See LaFree and Dugan in this volume). 1 14 B. Ganor re paranoia, antisocial and narcissistic personalities (Millon, 1981 Post, 1987), lack of empathy with victims, hostility toward parents, dogmatic or ideologic mentality, or a simplistic or utopian worldview (Victoroff, 2005). At one end of the spectrum within such literature is the assertion and at times assumption that terrorists are to some degree psychologically abnormal, possessing temperament dis crops that qualify them as insane or psychopathic (as plowed by Cooper, 1978 Hacker, 1976 Lasch, 1979 Pearce, 1977 Taylor, 1988).Despite early research providing psychological profiles of terrorists, different terrorism researchers have come to the general cultivation that there is no universal terrorist personality configuration most terrorist operatives are non necessarily psychopaths (Silke, 1998), nor do they show traces of being clearly or systematically mentally ill (Crenshaw, 2000 Post, 1998 Stahelski, 2004). Early studies on the topic have been largely disproved or debunked, in fact, even within the psychological-social school of thought.Further research has shown that terrorists rarely meet the criteria for insanity,2 but r ather may possess some particular personality dispositions related to psychological conditions or disorders (Post, 1987). Dr. Jerrold Post, an expert in political psychology, maintains that even though terrorists fit within the spectrum of normality, a large number have demonstrated specific personality characteristics that debate a minor psychopathology, such as aggression, activism, thrill seeking, an externalist psychological mechanism and f live up toalism.These are characteristics of narcissistic disorders and marginal personalities (Post, 19982527). While Post stops short of real diagnosing terrorists with such disorders or characteristics, he does claim they tend to have high frequency among terrorists, contributing to a uniform rhetorical port and logic (Silke, 199865). According to Post, there is a unique logic that characterizes a terrorists thought process a terrorist psycho-logic. Post claims that terrorists are motivated by psychological influences when they choo se to conduct impetuous acts, as expressed in rhetoric that relies on us versus them and good versus evil dichotomies. He further claims that lodged in a terrorists permanent logic is the nonion that the regime must be toppled, which is a result of the terrorists search for identity. In an attack against the regime, a terrorist is truly trying to destroy the inner opposite within him.However, even as some researchers cite it as the primary cause, a terrorists individual psychological profile is not the only signifi postt explanation for the phenomenon of terrorism. Rather, group psychology and sociology may be substantive explanatory factors behind terrorist attacks. Various researchers have cited group pressure as a versatile to explain recruitment, methods of operation and involvement in terrorism (Merari, 2004). Others have applied the cult model to terrorist organizations (Morgan, 2001). Studies by Heskin (1984), Rasch (1979), and Taylor (1988) have all cited evidence disc rediting the assumption that terrorists are psychologically abnormal. 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 15 It is in this context that Post emphasizes the group as a framework in which a sense of belonging and importance for its members is created. He claims that ideology plays an important role in supporting(a) a unifying environment for the group.Shared ideology justifies the groups practise and quickly transforms into the groups moral guide. The psychological-sociological school relies, therefore, on psychological and sociological characteristics, motives, and grievances in explaining the phenomenon of terrorism. In contrast, the political-rational school of thought views terrorism as a rational method of operation think to promote various interests and attain concrete political goals (Crenshaw, 2000 Hoffman, 1998 Shprinzak, 1998).Rational choice theory has been adopted by a number of terrorism researchers within this school, and maintains that terrorist execute deri ves from a conscious, rational, calculated decision to choose one route of action over another (Crenshaw, 1992 Sandler et al. , 1983 Sandler and Lapan, 1988 Wilson, 2000). 3 Leading researcher Martha Crenshaw explains that an organization chooses terrorism among several(prenominal) operational alternatives in order to promote their common values and preferences.In making a rational calculation of the costs and benefits, terrorism is knock overly chosen as the preferred method of political practise because it is perceived to be the most effective of the operating alternatives the benefits go through the costs. In this context, Ehud Shprinzak similarly stressed that the phenomenon of terrorism is not the result of disturbed human activity or a random thoughtless attack. This is a process that almost always begins without violence or terrorist activity (Shprinzak, 199878).Rand terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman further clarified the rationalist approach I have been studying terrorist s and terrorism for more than twenty years. Yet I am still always struck by how disturbingly normal most terrorists seem when one actually sits down and talks to them Many are in fact highly articulate and extremely thoughtful individuals for whom terrorism is (or was) an entirely rational choice (Hoffman, 19987)The dispute amid the rationalist and psychological approach is important in understanding the root causes of terrorism, allowing experts and security professionals to pick up characteristics of the threat and formulate effective counterstrategies. While the two schools may seem to entirely clash, an interdisciplinary explanation of terrorism may actually be the most effective way to approach the phenomenon. In a sense, these two schools can complement and complete each other.In the Israeli setting, for example, the case of a suicide bombing is likely motivated by a combination of the rational calculations of the organization, a cost-benefit analysis made by the attackers themselves, social pressure from the attackers peer group, and personal psychological, social, cultural, and religious motivations. The decisionmaking process functions on a number of levels, in which both political-rational 3 For an overview of psychological, social, and rational choice theories, see Victoroff, 2005. 16 B. Ganor Psychology H ci ol og ist or y So Law Why Terrorism ? Economics Media & Communication Political Science Fig. 2. 1 Explanatory disciplines to terrorism and the psychological-sociological explanations have their place, demonstrating the multidisciplinary nature of terrorism. As Crenshaw railway lined, even though an act of terrorism may not be wholly the result of a psychological disorder, that is not to say the political decision to unification a terrorist organization is not influenced or, in some cases, even determined by unconscious or latent psychological motives (Crenshaw, 1998386).It seems that only multivariable explanations based on methodologies and theories from different disciplines can commensurately address the complex phenomenon of terrorism, provide explanations for the growth, development and characteristics of the phenomenon, and suggest methods for effectively dealing with terrorism (Fig. 2. 1). Explanatory Disciplines to Terrorism contrastive research disciplines may be able to provide answers to fundamental questions at the core of terrorism research, such asPsychology The field of psychology can provide answers to such questions as Do terrorists have common psychological characteristics? Do terrorists have a psychological profile? Why do flock aim terrorists? Which mass might become terrorists and which will not? Why do people join a terrorist organization and wherefore do they leave it? When, why, and how does the personal radicalization process take place? (See Post, 1998 Raine, 1993 Hubbard, 1971). 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 17 Economics How important are economic variables in explainin g the development and motivation of terrorism?To what degree can terrorists financial situation explain the motives for their behavior? How much does the economic factor determine the scope and characteristics of terrorism activity? 4 (See Abadie, 2004 Kahn and Weiner, 2002 Krueger and Laitin, 2008 Krueger and Maleckova, 2002 Piazza, 2006). Sociology How much influence does ones peer group have on the decision to join a terrorist group or the motivation to conduct acts of terrorism? How much can processes of socialization and delegitimization by society ostracizing, discrimination, alienation, etc. serve as variables explaining the motives of terrorism? Why does a certain population at a specific time tend to carry out terrorist attacks while another population with similar characteristics does not choose this dividing line of action? What is the consummation of the connection amongst terrorism and different cultures? 5 (See Bandura, 1973, 1998 Gibbs, 1989 Merari, 2004 Morgan, 2 001 Webb, 2002). Criminology To what conclusion should terrorism be treated as a phenomenon in the criminal sphere? What are the differences amid the characteristics of criminal and terrorist activity?What are the similarities and the differences in the organizational characteristics between terrorist and criminal organizations? 6 (See Klein et al. , 2006 Klein and Maxson, 2006 Lafree, 2007). 4 Several studies have foc employ on refuting the widely claimed link between poverty and terrorism (Harmon, 2000 Hasisi and Pedahzur, 2000 Schmid, 1983). In fact, a 2003 study by Krueger and Maleckova showed that higher-earning Palestinians were more likely to justify the use of terrorism to achieve political goals and a 2002 study (Krueger and Maleckova, 2002) did not find a link between Hezbollah fighters and impoverished conditions ather, they were richer and more educated than their counterparts. Another study looked at the biographies of 285 suicide bombers and found them to be richer and more educated than members of the general population (Victoroff, 200521). 5 Until September 11, there were few academic studies of terrorism from a strictly sociological viewpoint. However, Bandura (1973, 1998) used social erudition theory to suggest that violence follows observation and imitation of an aggressive model. Friedland (1992) cited the frustrationaggression hypothesis in understanding why terrorists turn to violence (as cited in Victoroff, 2005).Morgan (2001) applied the cult model to understand individual actors and group dynamics within terrorist groups. 6 For the role of policing in counter-terrorism strategies, see Chaps. 35 of this volume. LaFree and Dugan (Chap. 2) also briefly discuss the comparison between rates of terrorist attacks and other types of criminal violence. The interplay and linkages between organized crime and terrorism are explored in several anthology volumes, such as Holmes (2007), among many others. 18 B. GanorPolitical Science and Internat ional Relations To what extent should terrorism be understood in rational terms (cost-benefit calculation) as an effective method intended to achieve political goals? To what extent can political terms such as sovereignty, power, authority, and social umpire serve as variables to explain the phenomenon of terrorism? To what degree is the phenomenon of terrorism connected to certain ideologies or a certain form of government? To what degree does modern terrorism aim to take advantage of the progressive tense democratic form of governments values and traits?To what extent is the media portion essential in order to explain the strategy of modern terrorism? How are the decision-making processes different in terrorist organizations than other organizations? Can terrorism be understood as a room for states to achieve their interests in the international arena? To what extent can terrorism be dealt with by using deterrent measures in general and deterring state-sponsors of terrorism in particular? (See Crenshaw, 2000 Ganor, 2005 Hoffman, 1998 Nacos, 1994). Theology To what extent is modern terrorism a result of religious extremism?How is incitation to terrorism carried out with the use of religious rationalizations and how can this incitement be dealt with? (See Atran, 2006 Hoffman, 1995 Juergensmeyer, 2003 Ranstorp, 1996 Rapoport, 1984). Hence, nearly e actually academic research discipline has been, and will continue to be, slender in providing answers to some of the central issues that lie behind understanding the phenomenon of terrorism and the methods for dealing with it. Only this multidisciplinary approach can provide a profound understanding of the phenomenon. The commentary of TerrorismGrowing interest in the field of terrorism and increased funding allotted to academic research and training budgets post-9/11 has spurred and supported the publication of hundreds of books and articles in the past few years, many professional and academic conferences, a nd a general flourishing of the field. Yet, six years after the world recognized the magnitude of the terrorist threat on 9/11, researchers, security professionals, politicians, jurists, and others have still not been able to agree upon its most fundamental component what is terrorism?Moreover, and somewhat surprisingly, the only consensus these individuals have reached is that it might be impossible, or even unnecessary, to reach an internationally 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 19 sure definition of terrorism. 7 Those who mince this opinion in fact the majority in the field usually cite the cliche one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, in order to imply that, in their opinion, the issue of definition is subjective. As such, even partial stipulation regarding its content cannot be reached. Louis Henkin (1989) captured this entiment in 1990 when he said that Terrorism is not a useful levelheaded concept. Those who do not regard a definition as critic al believe that the international system and the security establishment in particular can manage without consensus on the issue. They claim that terrorists, in a sense, commit unconstipated crimes extortion, murder, arson, and other felonies already covered by conventional criminal righteousness. on that pointfore, they can be tried for committing these felonies without the need for a superfluous criminal classification, and thus definition, for terrorism.Needless to say, there is no shortage of proposed definitions for terrorism. Every researcher, expert, security professional, NGO, country, and politician espouses their own definition, one that likely represents a distinct world view and political stance. By the early 1980s, Schmid and Jongman had already listed 109 definitions of terrorism proposed by researchers in the field (Schmid and Jongman, 19985). In their chapter in this volume, LaFree and Dugan touch upon the difficulty in reaching a consensus on a definition of t errorism given its controversial and highly politicized nature.It is within this context that they note the U. S. was reluctant to define the attacks by Contra rebels in Nicaragua as terrorism, while regarding practically all violence in Iraq and Afghanistan as such. They further note that more inclusive definitions of terrorism are often preferred by businesses or private think tanks that are collecting data for the purpose of risk assessment, as such an approach ultimately benefits their clients (LaFree and Dugan, in this volume). Among the hundreds of definitions of terrorism that have been certain throughout the years, some contain abstract and phrasing problems (Hoffman, 20043).Many researchers note that the only certainty regarding terrorism is the pejorative manner in which the word is generally used and associated (Hoffman, 200623 Horgan, 20051). As such, when scholars, politicians, or activists describe and analyze the activities of alleged terrorist organizations, they v ery often use alternative terms that bear more positive connotations, such as guerilla or subsurface movements, revolutionaries, militias, militants, commando groups, national liberation movements, etc. (Hoffman, 200628).Many in the western sandwich world have accepted the bring in that terrorism and national liberation are located on two opposite ends of a spectrum legitimizing the use of violence. The struggle for national liberation is, allegedly, located on the positive 7 In a entry on the definition of terrorism to the UK Parliament in March 2007, Lord Carlile quoted David Tucker from Skirmishes at the sharpness of the Empire, stating that Above the gates of hell is the warning that all that enter should abandon hope. Less dire but to the same effect is the warning given to those who try to define terrorism (See http//www. amilnation. org/terrorism/ uk/070317carlile. htm) for a newspersons perspective see Kinsley, 2001 see also Levitt (1986), in which he claims a definitio n for terrorism is no easier to find than the Holy Grail. 20 B. Ganor and confirm end of the violence spectrum, while terrorism is its unsporting and negative polar opposite. Within this framework, it would be impossible for a specific organization to be considered both a terrorist group and a national liberation movement, as Senator Henry Jackson claims The thought that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter is unacceptable.Freedom fighters or revolutionaries do not blow up buses with noncombatants terrorists and murderers do. Freedom fighters do not kidnap and slaughter students, terrorists and murders do (As cited in Netanyahu, 198718) There is little basis for the claim that freedom fighters cannot carry out acts of terrorism and murder. This approach unintentionally plays into the give of terrorists, who claim that since they are acting to expel who they consider to be a external occupier, they cannot also be considered terrorists.However, many freedom fighters in modern history move crimes and purposely targeted innocent civilians. The difference between terrorism and freedom fighting is not a subjective bank note based on the percipients point of view. Rather, it derives from identifying the perpetrators goals and methods of operation. Terrorism is a means a tool for achieving an end, and that end can very well be liberating the homeland from the yoke of a foreign occupier. An organization can be, at the same time, both a national liberation movement and a terrorist group.It is not the specific goal whether freedom fighting or another licit political objective that distinguishes a group as a terrorist organization or justifies its activities. Many groups, however, such as the Muslim World coalition, do not clearly make this distinction. In a special publication from 2001, the Muslim World League states that Terrorism is an outrageous attack carried out either by individuals, groups or states against the human being (his religion, life, intellect, lieu and honor).It includes all forms of intimidation, harm, threatening, killing without a just cause so as to terrify and horrify people by hurting them or by exposing their lives, liberty, security or conditions to danger or exposing a national or natural resource to danger (Al-Mukarramah, 2001). In presenting the activities that constitute terrorism as being committed without a just cause, the Muslim World Leagues definition infers that such acts committed with a just cause are not considered terrorism.Such definitions are typical of attempts to create confusion between the means and the end, ultimately foiling any possibility of reaching a consensus on a definition. Since September 11, international terrorism has emerged on the top of national and international security agendas, widely perceived as a severe and very real threat to world peace. It is a threat that necessitates international alignment and cooperation on an unprecedented level. Such a high degre e of cooperation cannot be established or sustained however without agreement over the most basic common denominator the definition of terrorism.Outside news show and military circles, the effectiveness of other apparatuses essential in countering the terrorist threat is dependent upon a clear, broad, and objective definition of terrorism that can be accepted internationally. Such a definition is essential in order to disrupt the financing of terrorism, respond to states and 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 21 communities that support terrorism, prevent recruitment and incitement of terrorist operatives, and establish legal measures and guidelines to both outlawed terrorist organizations and activities, and arrest and extradite alleged terrorists.Above all else, the international community must establish a binding normative system to determine what is allowed and not allowed what is legitimate and not legitimate when violence is used for political objectives. A definit ion that would address all these requirements is Terrorism is the argue use of violence aimed against civilians in order to achieve political goals (nationalistic, socioeconomic, ideological, religious, etc. ) In delineate terrorism within the in a higher place framework, it is important to note that a terrorist act would not be classified as a regular criminal activity warranting the application of criminal legal norms.Rather, terrorism would be viewed as an act of war, and the countermeasures mounted against it would too be conducted in accordance to the norms and laws of war. The Israeli High Court of justness has itself struggled with the distinction between criminal acts and acts of war, reflecting the focus facing those studying and responding to terrorism today. According to Justice Cheshin, a judges job is difficult. It is sevenfold as difficult when he comes to deal with a hideously murderous attack such as we have in front of us.The murderers action is inherently th ough not within the framework of or as part of the formal definition an act of war, and an act that is inherently an act of war is answered with an act of war, in the ways of war (Abd Al-Rahim Hassan Nazzal and others vs. the commander of the IDF forces in Judea and Samaria, 1994). In a different verdict, the judge ruled that a criminal code created for cursory life in human society does not have an answer for the question (Federman and others vs. the Attorney General, 1993).The debate over whether terrorism should be considered a criminal act or an act of war system strong among academics, NGOs, and counter terrorism professionals. Without consensus on the issue, states have applied their own policies in trying and convicting alleged terrorist suspects whether as criminals or combatants. Despite the fact that criminal acts can consist of the same actions as terrorism murder, arson, and extortion terrorism, unlike an average criminal act, threatens the internal social order, personal and national security, world peace, and the economy. As antecedently noted, acts of terrorism are intended to achieve various political goals and could thus be considered arguably more severe than criminal violations. In addition, as international law expert and terrorism prosecutor poignancy Wedgwood has argued, criminal law may be too weak a weapon to counter terrorism, as destroying terrorist infrastructure and networks requires diplomacy, use of force, and criminal 8 Resolution 1566 (2004) adopted by the Security Council in its 5053rd meeting, on Oct. 8 2004 Reaffirming that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations constitutes one of the most serious threats to peace and security.Considering that acts of terrorism in earnest impair the enjoyment of human rights and threaten the social and economic development of all states, they undermine global stability and prosperity. (See http//daccessdds. un. org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/542/82/ PDF/N0454282. pdf? OpenElement. ) 2 2 B. Ganor law combined. She adds that the restrictions embedded in a criminal jurist system make sense in civil society where deterrence is a factor, but this may not apply in a fight against a highly networked terrorist organization (Wedgwood and Roth, 2004). Bruce Hoffman points to a fundamental difference between a criminal and a terrorist when he asserts that while a criminal seeks personal material goals, a terrorist usually sees himself as an altruist acting for and in the name of many others (Hoffman, 200637). Therefore, a terrorist may be perceived as posing greater danger through his actions, since he is importantly more willing than a criminal to sacrifice in order to achieve his goals even to the point of self-sacrifice in certain situations. The criminal code in itself does not serve as an adequate platform to define terrorism.The laws of war are better suited as a framework for defining and dealing with terrorism, since the phenomenon is a violent action intended to a chieve political goals, often involving the use of pseudo-military methods of operation. By basing the definition of terrorism on an established system of norms and laws, already included in international conventions and accepted by most of the countries in the world, the international community is more likely to reach a broad international agreement on the definition of terrorism a basic tool in the join international struggle against terrorism.At the core of the Geneva and The Hague conventions are rules differentiating between two types of personnel intricate in military activity combatants, military personnel who deliberately target enemy military personnel and war criminals, military personnel who, among other actions requireden by the laws of war, deliberately target civilians. Currently, the moral differentiation between a legitimate combatant and a war criminal is based on the attacked target (military or civilian), and, at least in convention, only applies to state ent ities and their armies and not to substate entities.In the Israeli setting for example, a Palestinian, considered part of a subnational group, who is involved in a deliberate attack against an Israeli military target, will start out the same treatment and punishment as a Palestinian who deliberately attacks a civilian target. Since there is no distinction made between the two, despite the difference in their targets, the degree of international genuineness or condemnation of both cases will likely continue to be dependant on the supporter or condemners political stance and not necessarily on the character or target of the deliberate operation its legality under applicable rules and norms.The American government, for example, classifies attacks against its troops in Iraq as terrorist attacks, as it does the October 2000 attack against the USS Cole or the attack against the American military barracks in Dhahran (June 1996). In fact, in an attempt to expand the definition of terrori sm to include attacks against soldiers, the U. S. State Departments definition states that terrorism is the compassion Wedgewood and Human Rights Watch Director Kenneth Roth debate the USs treatment of terrorist suspects as combatants versus criminals in a series of articles in Foreign Affairs (See Roth, 2004 Wedgwood and Roth, 2004). 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 23 deliberate use of violence against non-combatant targets, which includes both civilians and military personnel not on the battle field. 10 While it is natural for victims of terrorism to adopt this broad-based definition, terrorist organizations and their supporters can legitimately argue that in seeking to achieve their political goals, they cannot moderately be required to either not confront military personnel entirely, or do so only when they are fully armed and prepared for war.They claim that they must be given the right to attack and surprise soldiers whatever the circumstances. In applying these considerations, the U. S. State Departments definition of terrorism could not successfully serve as a common denominator leading to international agreement. It is only in reducing the scope of the definition to the deliberate targeting of civilians as opposed to non-combatants that may solve this problem, modify the establishment of a clear moral boundary that should not be crossed. A terrorist act would be considered, in a sense, the equivalent for a substate entity to a war crime committed by a state. 1 During a state of war, normative principles and the laws of war forbid the deliberate targeting of civilians but allow deliberate attacks on an enemys military personnel (in accordance with other applicable regulations). Similarly, in modern asymmetric warfare, a normative rule must be set to address limitations on substate actors, differentiating between guerilla warfare (violence against military personnel) and terrorism (violence against civilians) just as the rules of war differentiate between legitimate combatants and war criminals.For the purpose of defining terrorism, it is not significant what goal the organization aspires to achieve (as long as it is political) both the terrorist and the guerilla fighter may aspire to achieve the same goals. However, they each chose a different path a different means in order to realize these goals. Defining terrorism is critical in ensuring that the same normative standards currently enforced on states are applicable to nonstate actors, defining when their use of violence is allowable and when it is prohibited.Paradoxically, what is currently prohibited for states is not yet prohibited for organizations. Defining terrorism does not raise or lower the obligation of states to behave normatively and certainly does not place additional legal burdens upon them. It simply makes organizations accountable for their actions under the same value system currently obligating states. Terrorism is defined by the U. S. Stat e Department as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or hole-and-corner(prenominal) agents. (from the 22 U. S. C. , 2656f(d)(2) See http//www. state. gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/65353. htm. ) 11 The UN short legal definition of terrorism, proposed by terrorism expert Alex P. Schmid, states that an act of terrorism is the peacetime equivalent of a war crime. While such a definition does not consider terrorism an act of war, in drawing a parallel with a war crime it notes the importance of the target (civilian vs. military) in legitimizing acts of violence. (See http//www. unodc. org/ unodc/terrorism_definitions. html. ) 10 24 B. GanorReaching a broad international agreement regarding the definition of terrorism may require the international community to apply laws of war that forbid the deliberate targeting of civilians, but allow for the deliberate attack (in accordance with the other regulations) of an enemys milit ary personnel. The definition proposed in this chapter may be capable of eliciting a broad base of support from many countries and organizations, both because it is based on already accepted international norms, and because it seemingly provides subnational organizations the possibility of legitimately using violence in order to achieve their goals.Such a definition would not allow for the artificial distinction that is often made between bad terrorism and good or tolerable terrorism. It instead adheres to the principle that terrorism is terrorism is terrorism, no matter who carries it out a Muslim, Christian, Jew, or member of any other religion. Terrorism would be considered an illegitimate and forbidden method of operation in all cases, under all circumstances. The ideological or cultural background of the perpetrators and the religious, political, social or economic motives of the act would all be irrelevant in classifying an act of terrorism.Many view the effort to achieve a b road international agreement on terrorism as hopeless and naive. However, Security Council Resolution 1566, which was unanimously accepted by Council members in October 2004, may be a basis for hope that countries will overcome prior disputes, rise above their own interests, and reach an agreement in the near future regarding the international definition of terrorism. Resolution 1566, without function as the definition itself, already establishes one basic principle on which an international definition can be built.It stipulates that terrorism is a crime against civilians, which in no circumstance can be justified by political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious, or other considerations. 12 Modern Terrorism Descriptions of typical terrorist operations and their common characteristics are often included in proposed definitions of modern terrorism particularly in those that address the fear and anxiety created by terrorist acts. In such definitions, terrorism is p resented as a form of violent activity (or threat of violence) that 2 Resolution 1566 (2004) Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of terrorism irrespective of their motivation, whenever and by whomsoever committed, as one of the most serious threats to peace and securityRecalls that criminal acts, including against civilians committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury or taking hostages with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons trammel a population or compel a government or an offences within the scope of and as defined in the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, are under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic religious or other similar nature and calls upon all states to prevent such acts. (See http//daccessdds. un. org/doc/UNDOC/ GEN/N04/542/82/PDF/N0454282. pdf? OpenElement) 2 Trends in Mo dern International Terrorism 25 intends to frighten a group of people beyond the actual victims (Horgan, 20051).After reviewing the development of the definition of terrorism and examining a variety of definitions, Bruce Hoffman reaches the following conclusion in his important book, Inside Terrorism We may therefore now attempt to define terrorism as the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change terrorism is specifically designed to have far-reaching psychological personal effects beyond the immediate victim(s) or object of the terrorist attack (Hoffman, 200640). Definitions that refer to terrorism as an act intended to instill fear and anxiety in the public are generally based on the actual meaning and historical use of the term terrorism, its application dating back to the French civil war. 13 Such definitions also rely on what is perceived to be the primary operational tactic of modern terrorism p sychological warfare which seeks to achieve political goals by instilling fear and anxiety among its target population.While definitions vary widely, there is a general consensus among most leading scholars as to the essential nature of the terrorist threat researchers will rarely dispute the importance fear and anxiety play in understanding the phenomenon of modern terrorism. However, it is important to note that resulting fear and anxiety may not be an essential variable in defining a terrorist attack. In order to ensure that acts are objectively classified as terrorist attacks, an accepted definition must, in application, serve as a checklist of components. Based on the definition proposed in the foregoing section, if an act is not violent, does not deliberately target civilians, or does not attempt to achieve a political goal, then it is not a terrorist attack.Adding the element of fear and anxiety to the definition essentially displace it on the checklist of required compon ents significantly changes the terms application. If an attack, which would otherwise be considered an act of terrorism, does not aim to frighten, but rather only seeks to achieve concrete, tangible objectives such as the release of prisoners or the character assassination of a leading political figure would the action not be considered terrorism? Similarly, a nuclear attack aimed at eradicating the majority of the population or contaminating an extensive area which ultimately seeks to disenable the state and prevent it from operating as an independent political entity would be widely considered a terrorist attack, even though instilling fear and anxiety is not its primary purpose.Since such circumstances and scenarios can reasonably exist, the fear and anxiety element may not be necessary in defining terrorism rather, it is valuable in explaining the modus operandi of a significant portion of modern terrorist attacks. 13 The term terrorism comes from the Latin terrere, to cau se to tremble. The term became popularized during the Reign of Terror carried out by the revolutionary government in France from 1793 to 1794 (Juergensmeyer, 2003 5). 26 B. Ganor Indeed, modern terrorism is not necessarily about the numbers. In fact, most modern terrorist attacks, while violent in nature, generally produce limited damage or casualties. 4 Instead, they rely on psychological warfare as a tool in achieving their goals, creating fear and anxiety among the general population. In many cases, a terrorist attack is random, aimed not at someone specific, but rather a group that shares a common trait and symbolizes the organizations broader target (Americans, Israelis, infidels, westmosterners, etc. ). By simultaneously transmitting several messages, these attacks intensify the sense of anxiety felt by the target group, which leads civilians to pressure decision makers and their government into changing policies and agreeing to terrorists demands. Some of the messages terr orist organizations aim to send through their attacks include 1.Uncertainty The randomness of the attack is supposed to instill a sense of uncertainty in the public regarding safe behavior, prompting fear that anyone could be the next victim (Horgan, 20053). 2. Vulnerability A terrorist attack can take place anywhere, anytime, making all citizens feel vulnerable. 3. impuissance The states security apparatus cannot foil or prevent attacks, or protect civilians. 4. Personalization You or someone close to you may not have been hurt in a recent attack, but it could very well be you the next time, since the victims have the same pro? le as you (Ganor, 2005256). 5. disproportional price The price the individual must pay due to his governments policy is very high. For that reason he must act to change national/international priorities in a way that will serve the terrorists objectives. 6.Vengeance The citizen suffers due to the governments actions against the terrorist organization and its supporters, and for this reason it is in his trounce interest to pressure the government to avoid this activity. Such attacks aim to create anxiety among the target group at a level disproportionate to the actual capabilities of the terrorist organization, forcing members of the target population to reprioritize and shift their concerns from that of national security to personal security. The target population perceives a growing threat from terrorism, which may be viewed by the public as largely fueled by the governments supposedly dangerous policies.As political tension and criticism against the government in the target country mount, according to the strategy of modern terrorism, the public will pressure decision makers to change their policies in a manner that will suit the interests and goals of the terrorist organizations, or call for a change in administration that will establish policies more favorable to terrorist groups. In order to create this effect of fear, ter rorist organizations often choose to escalate their activity in such a manner as to shock the public. According to Crenshaw, a review LaFree and Dugan note that over 53% of terrorist organizations from the Global Terrorism Database included in their study (19742004) have never produced a single fatality (LaFree and Dugan, in this volume). 14 2Trends in Modern International Terrorism 27 of the history of terrorism reveals that terrorists have purposely chosen targets considered taboo or unpredictable in order to attract international media coverage (Crenshaw, 19981415). The media component is central to modern terrorisms strategy. Without media coverage, a terrorist organization has little opportunity to convey its message, let alone shock or scare its target population. The success of a modern terrorist draw is arguably dependent on the amount of publicity it receives the journalist and television camera are the terrorists better(p) friends (Laqueur, 1987). Terrorism and Tradition al offensive activityIn seeking funding to support ongoing operations or infrastructure, terrorist organizations in Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East have increasingly come to rely on traditional criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, counterfeiting, petty crime, human trafficking, and extortion (Vidino and Emerson, 2006 Mili, 2006). In fact, over the last three decades, law enforcement agencies have reported increased cooperation between terrorist organizations and criminal actors and activities including attacks that have been financed through illegal crimes and suspects who have been prosecuted for crimes in which proceeds were directed to international terrorist organizations like Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda (Noble, 2003).Growing expenses associated with terrorist activity, such as payments to organization personnel, transportation, accommodation, training, and procurement of weapons, have served as incentive for terrorist organizations to get involv ed in common crime. These activities only further exacerbate the danger posed by terrorist organizations to the global economy and to the safety and wellbeing of the worlds population. By counterfeiting currency, for example, a terrorist organization can damage a countrys economy while it raises funds. Similarly, by producing and smuggling drugs to certain countries, an organization can cause considerable harm to the local population and simultaneously finance its activities.In the early 1970s, terrorist organizations, particularly those not supported financially by states, funded their activities through criminal activities such as bank robberies, kidnappings for ransom, and blackmail. Terrorist organizations, such as the Red Brigades in Italy, cooperated with criminal elements, enlisting them into the ranks of their organization. However, in the late 1970s and more so in the early 1980s, terrorist organizations realized that drug trafficking was far more paying(a) than other routi ne criminal activities, leading to a phenomenon known as narco-terrorism. 15 Terrorist organizations have been involved in producing and selling narcotics throughout the world in Latin America (Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Bolivia) in Asia and 5 To expand the amount of money involved, a survey conducted by the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention described the production, trafficking, and sales of illicit drugs to be an estimated $400-billion-a-year industry. A 2005 UN report estimated that global drug manage generated an estimated $322 billion in 2003, greater than the gross domestic product of 88% of the countries in the world (Pollard, 2005). 28 B. Ganor the Middle East (Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Afghanistan, India, the Philippines, Pakistan) and even in Western countries such as Italy, Spain, Ireland, and the United States. Drug trafficking by terrorist groups in Columbia is of particular concern to western governments. According to reports from the U. S.Bureau of N arcotics and Law Enforcement affairs, revenues earned from narcotics cultivation, taxation, and distribution have accounted for at least half the funding used to support terrorist activities by two of the countrys largest terrorist groups the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia (AUC). The State Department estimates that the FARC receives $300 million a year from drug sales to finance its terrorist activities. 16 The tri-border area (TBA), or triple frontier as it is known, center on along the borders of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil, has been widely recognized as another hotbed for terrorism financing and activity, particularly to groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas. Without strict border controls, the area serves as a haven for drugs and arms trafficking, counterfeiting, smuggling and other illegal activities.Tens of millions of dollars are estimated to have been transferred to groups through illegal remittances and other illegal activities, according to investigations by local police forces (Madani, 2002 Tri-border Transfers funding terror, 2006). Most terror organizations, however, are not directly involved in actually growing or producing drugs. They are tasked primarily with protecting the drugs and ensuring the safety of growers and producers. They also are active in smuggling narcotics to the marketing centers in countries where the drugs are distributed (Hudson, 200324). These organizations usually have a diverse network of contacts, alter them to cross borders via indirect routes and smuggle weapons, ammunition, and various other products.Terrorist organizations can use the same routes and network used by their supporters in order to smuggle drugs. In some cases, drugs have been used to recruit foreign activists, in a sense bribing them to execute terrorist attacks. In these cases, the activists, who are not members of the organization, are enlisted in order to carry out attacks on behalf of the terror organizations, sometimes unbeknownst to the activists themselves, in return for a regular supply of drugs. 17 In other cases, terrorist organizations supply their members with drugs in order to increase their dependence on the organization and encourage obedience to its leaders. 8 Some terrorist organizations refer to the distribution of drugs as an alternative form of attack, since drug consumption can harm the national morale and weaken the ability of the population to cope with crises. 16 See Deborah McCarthys testimony before the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate, whitethorn 20, 2003, Narco-Terrorism International Drug Trafficking and Terrorism A Dangerous Mix. 17 For example, On August 28, 1971, a Dutch citizen, Henrietta Hundemeir, was arrested in Israel with a suitcase containing a timer-activated bomb with a barometric altimeter. The bomb was meant to explode in the El Al aircraft in which she herself was flying to Israel.Hundemeir was enlisted in Yugoslavia by a member of the Popular front line for the Liberation of Palestine, who became her close friend by supplying her with drugs and using them with her. 18 One example is the weather forecaster organization, which was responsible for terrorist attacks in the U. S. at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. The group perceived drug use as a part of the revolutionary process. 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism 29 Global Jihadi Terrorism Terrorism is a dynamic phenomenon that develops over time, gradually changing its plaster cast and activities. It is carried out by various organizations in the service of different ideologies.Despite the fact that various local terrorist groups have operated in the international arena in the past decade, there is growing recognition by scholars and the intelligence community that the current international terrorist threat does not come from organizations motivated by nationalist grievances or separatist goals (such as the IRA, ETA, Fatah, LTTE, PKK, and others). Instead, the main threat is that of radical Moslem terrorism primarily aimed at promoting a radical religious world view. 19 Such groups are motivated by what they perceive as a divine command, making them potentially more dangerous than groups motivated by other causes. Hoffman stresses that while religion was an inseparable component of many terrorist organizations in the past, the dominant motivation for their actions was political rather than religious.This is not the case with Al-Qaeda and other radical Moslem organizations today. For them, religion is the most important component defining their activities, ideology, characteristics, and recruitment methods (Hoffman, 200682). According to James Thomson, religions are very effective at guiding in-group morality and out-group hatred. They brook the take-over of groups by disenfranchised young males, they minimize the fear of death by spreading the belief in an afterlife reward for those who are dying in a holy war, etc. (Thomson, 200382). Radical Islamic terrorism, part of the Global Jihad movement, includes acts perpetrated by many organizations, groups, and cells around the world.The movement is headed by Al-Qaeda, which, despite the many setbacks it has endured since September 11, 2001, is still capable of carrying out direct attacks through activists reporting directly to its authority or indirect attacks through proxy organizations radical Islamic terrorist organizations and networks that share a similar fundamentalist Islamic ideology, aspirations, and interests. Some of these organizations, such as Egyptian, Bangladeshi, and Afghan Jihadi groups, were established by Osama bin Laden under the umbrella of his International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (February 1998). Some of these organizations have made pacts or commitments to bin Laden over the years, such as the Egyptian Al-Jamaa Al-Islamiya and the GSPC (currently referred t o as Al-Qaeda of the Maghreb). However, the most significant trend of the past several years has been the phenomenon of homegrown terrorism. Lone activists and local radical groups of Muslims, who either immigrated to Western countries There are also terrorist organizations that combine religious grievances with national-political motivations, such as Hamas. On the one hand, Hamas derives its ideology from the same narrative and background as Al-Qaeda, based on the early religious global ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood. At the same time though, Hamas seeks to achieve the nationalistic goal of destroying Israel and creating a Palestinian state in its place. 19 30 B. Ganor (first, second, or third generation) or converted to Islam in their country of origin, become inspired by the Global Jihad movement, leading them to carry out terrorist attacks.Al-Qaeda, its allies in the Global Jihad movement, other radical Islamic terrorist organizations, and the radical Islamic networks and ce lls of the West, all believe in one divine mission, which calls upon them to spread their radical beliefs throughout the world (Sageman, 20041). In seeking to achieve this mission, they believe it is permissible and necessary to make use of violence and terrorism, and that they are fighting a defensive war that allows them to use drastic measures. One perspective shared by several researchers is that this defensive war is not actually pitted against American or Western imperialism, as Global Jihad organizations commonly claim. Rather, the fight against the West is used to help mobilize and recruit activists, arguably acting as lip service by Al-Qaeda.It also serves to at least express their concern over every aspect of modernization, including democratic forms of government, liberal values, and even modern technology that threaten the way of life they strive for a radical Islamic caliphate governed by Sharia law. It is also important to note that the threat of Global Jihad is not, as many tend to think, a war between Islam and other religions. Rather, it can be understood as a war of cultures the culture of radical Islam against the outside world or the culture of radical Islam against the culture of the infidels, as Islamists call all those who do not share their world view. Many in the radical Jihadi movement recognize that they will not be able to succeed in their worldwide campaign in the near future. Therefore they aim, as a first stage, to create localized radical Islamic revolutions, primarily in Arab and Islamic countries.In fact, the majority of Global Jihad attacks over the past several years occurred in countries of the Arab or Islamic world,